On the relationship between Lyapunov times and macroscopic instability times

On the basis of the general theory of Hamiltonian systems, we consider the relationship between Lyapunov times and macroscopic diffusion times. We find out that there are two regimes: the Nekhoroshev regime and the resonant overlapping regime. In the first case the diffusion time is exponentially long with respect to Lyapunov times. In the second case, the relationship is polynomial although we do not find any theoretical reason for the existence of a universal power law. We show numerical evidences which confirm our theoretical considerations.     

基于从业者的旅游历史街区商业空间发展特征及机理——扬州“双东”案例

旅游商业化是历史街区复兴的重要途径。基于社会空间视角,旅游历史街区商业发展是以从业群体为日常运作核心,兼及居民、游客、恩庇者（管理者）等地域主体在内的空间生产过程。旅游历史街区演化是以“空间实践”为中心环节的社会建构,其发展状态是不同主体、不同层次的空间生产相互博弈的总体涌现。依托扬州“双东”案例,运用田野调查、统计检验、对应分析、模糊数学、逻辑回归等方法,以从业者空间生产为脉络,剖析旅游商业发展机理的杂合性与矛盾性,指出商业空间状态潜伏着不对称的利益博弈和不均衡的发展效应。“双东”旅游商业开发对城市中低产阶层自主就业有较强吸附效应,使之成为商业发展的主要依托。从业群体大致分化为乐观型、寓居型、保守型,分别对应于积极评价—业务扩张、温和评价—业务维持、消极评价—业务收缩生产机理,对“双东”空间演化具有不同的响应机制和影响效应。研究分析了主体、实践、环境特质对不同类型从业个体的影响特征以及对从业群体的总体影响,认为恩庇是统摄“好恶效应”、操控利益格局的多解方案。旅游历史街区商业发展利弊兼具、相因相生,统一于历史街区的自我演替过程。     

Legacies of a Contested Campus: Urban Renewal,Community Resistance,and the Origins of Gentrification in Denver

The postwar urban renewal experience varied among US cities according to the result of local social contests pitting those imposing their power to transform urban space against those resisting it. In this paper, we examine the role of one such contest in shaping urban renewal outcomes in Denver, using the case of the late 1960s Auraria project. The project sought to remove a poor, Hispanic neighborhood in order to build a new downtown college campus, generating community opposition from the inner city neighborhood residents, leaders of the city’s Chicano Movement, and historic preservation activists. We demonstrate how resistance actively shaped the ultimate form and character of the project, and how the legacies of this urban renewal contest extended—in unforeseen ways—beyond the immediate struggles of the time. We argue that these legacies provide the essential context for understanding planning practice, redevelopment strategies, and gentrification dynamics in the city today.     

Lithospheric pressure–depth relationship in compressive regions of thickened crust

We investigate the pressure distribution with depth in regions undergoing horizontal shortening and experiencing crustal thickening both analytically and numerically. Our results show that, in a convergent tectonic setting, pressure can be considerably higher than lithostatic (the pressure resulting from the weight of the overburden). Increases in pressure with respect to lithostatic conditions result from both the contribution of horizontal stresses and the flexural vertical loads, the latter generated by the deflection of the upper crust and of the mantle because of the presence of topographic relief and a root, respectively. The contribution of horizontal stresses is particularly relevant to the upper crust and uppermost mantle, where rocks are thought to deform brittlely. In these domains, pressure gradients twice lithostatic can be achieved. The contribution of horizontal stresses is less important in the ductile domains as differential stresses are progressively relaxed; nevertheless, the effects are still noteworthy especially close to the brittle–ductile transition. Flexural vertical loads generated by the deflection of the upper crust and lithospheric mantle are relevant for rocks of the weaker lower crust. As a result of the combination of the two mechanisms, the pressure gradient varies vertically through the lithosphere, ranging from negative (inverted) gradients to gradients up to several times the lithostatic gradient. The pressure values range from one to two times the lithostatic values (1ρ gz to 2ρ gz ).     

Using isotopes to understand the evolution of water ages in disturbed mixed land-use catchments

Tracer studies have been key to unravelling catchment hydrological processes, yet most insights have been gained in environments with relatively low human impact. We investigated the spatial variability of stream isotopes and water ages to infer dominant flow paths in a ~10-km² nested catchment in a disturbed, predominantly agricultural environment in Scotland. We collected long-term (>5 years) stable isotope data of precipitation, artificial drainage, and four streams with varying soil and land use types in their catchment areas. Using a gamma model, Mean Transit Times (MTTs) were then estimated in order to understand the spatial variability of controls on water ages. Despite contrasting catchment characteristics, we found that MTTs in the streams were generally very similar and short (<1 year). MTTs of water in artificial drains were even shorter, ranging between 1 to 10 months for a typical field drain and <0.5 to 1 month for a country road drain. At the catchment scale, lack of heterogeneity in the response could be explained by the extensive artificial surface and subsurface drainage, “short-circuiting” younger water to the streams during storms. Under such conditions, additional intense disturbance associated with highway construction during the study period had no major effect on the stream isotope dynamics. Supplementary short-term (~14 months) sampling of mobile soil water in dominant soil-land use units also revealed that agricultural practices (ploughing of poorly draining soils and soil compaction due to grazing on freely draining soils) resulted in subtle MTT variations in soil water in the upper profile. Overall, the isotope dynamics and inferred MTTs suggest that the evolution of stream water ages in such a complex human-influenced environment are largely related to near-surface soil processes and the dominant soil management practices. This has direct implications for understanding and managing flood risk and contaminant transport in such environments.     

玄武岩纤维加筋黄土承载比试验研究

为研究纤维加筋黄土CBR值影响因素及纤维增强土体机理,以短切玄武岩纤维为筋材,通过改变土体含水率、纤维长度、纤维含量、击实次数、浸水时间等条件进行加州承载比试验,探究初始含水率、纤维参数及试验方法对加筋土局部抗剪强度的影响规律。结果表明:纤维加筋土CBR值随含水率的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,存在“施工最优含水率”且相比击实试验最优含水率高1%～3%左右;纤维加筋土CBR值高于黄土CBR值,确定纤维长度20 mm,纤维含量0.4%为最优配比;击实次数从30击增加到98击,黄土CBR值提高273%,纤维加入后CBR值提高327%,加筋作用使土体通过提高击实功来提升强度的效果更加显著;浸水对试样CBR值影响较大,浸水时间对试样CBR值影响较小,且纤维的加入使试样对浸水时间的敏感度进一步降低,加筋土浸水2 d后强度降低54%,浸水4 d后强度降低58%。     

从北京怀柔圆金梦矿山公园的申建看闭坑矿山在后矿业时代的可持续发展

摘要：随着我国人口、资源、环境的协调发展,后矿业时代已经到来,如何恢复矿区原有的自然生态环境是我国矿山环境治理的重要内容,也是摆在北京市所有闭坑矿山面前的重要课题。本文以怀柔圆金梦矿山公园申报建设为例,阐述了怀柔崎峰茶金矿山闭坑后深度挖掘矿区资源潜力,改造废弃设施,实现产业平稳转型的成功经验。从而得出了闭坑矿山在后矿业时代可持续发展的思路,即多渠道筹措资金,恢复治理矿山环境——整合矿区资源,寻求替代产业——打造品牌,实现可持续发展。本文作者参与了怀柔圆金梦矿山公园的申建工作,并对新建矿山提出了几点启示。     

New Tricks with Old Maps: Urban Landscape Change,GIS, and Historic Preservation in the Less Developed World

This article presents a methodology for a more detailed investigation of urban landscape change in rapidly growing cities of the less developed world beyond typical macrolevel approaches. This research is an attempt to bridge the gap between traditional landscape analysis and geographic information science (GIS). The article presents the preliminary results from a pilot project in Zamalek, Egypt, highlighting the benefits and drawbacks of the two techniques. Rarely used to study the less developed world, these techniques are utilized to assess change within a portion of Cairo's urban landscape. Large‐scale historic maps and high‐resolution satellite imagery, combined with field attribute collection, are the major data sources in this applied landscape analysis. A motivating factor in the desire to examine landscape change at such a large scale is the need to create monitoring systems for historic preservation in cities of the less developed world.     

华北平原北部历史时期地质环境演化

控制和影响地质环境发生变化的因素和地质环境变化的表现形式是多种多样的，主要表现于古地理，古水文，古植被和古土壤等几个方面，其主要标志有河道变迁，湖泊洼淀演化，海岸线变迁以及人类活动影响下的植被土壤的演化等。本文从以从几种标志入手，分析和恢复历史时期的地质环境演化，并对未来环境的发展趋势和环境问题进行了论述。