磁尾地向传播等离子体团的模拟研究

卫星观测证实了磁尾等离子体团与亚暴活动的相关性,除了具有北-南双极特征的尾向传播等离子体团外,还发现地向传播等离子体团,它们表现为南-北双极中性片事件和南-北双极瓣区讯号. 资料分析表明:南-北双极讯号的出现几率远低于北-南双极讯号,并且南-北双极事件主要发生于行星际磁场北向和地磁宁静条件,它们往往与小的孤立的地磁亚暴相关. 本文根据地磁宁静时期(IMF Bz北向且By≥Bz)越尾电场Ey分量的分布特点,对地向传播等离子体团作模拟研究. 两类算例的数值结果展示了通量绳磁结构及具有复杂闭合磁力线位形的等离子体团的基本特征,上述特征与尾向传播的等离子体团类似,与IMP 8卫星关于地向传播南-北中性片事件的观测特征大致相符. 数值结果还展示了与Schindler示意图相类似的磁力线拓扑位形,在一定程度上为南-北事件出现几率低作出了解释;并且揭示了磁尾中性片内越尾磁场分量By对磁重联发展的抑制作用. 本文的模拟研究说明:无论磁尾处于活动时期(IMF Bz为南向),还是宁静时期(IMF Bz为北向且By≥Bz),磁场重联均是磁尾等离子体加速和加热的通用机制.     

Stable isotope tracers as diagnostic tools in upscaling flow path understanding and residence time estimates in a mountainous mesoscale catchment

δ¹⁸O measurements of precipitation and stream waters were used as a natural tracer to investigate hydrological pathways and residence times in the River Feshie, a complex mesoscale (231 km²) catchment in the Cairngorm Mountains of Scotland. Precipitation δ¹⁸O exhibited strong seasonal variation over the 2001–02 hydrological year, ranging from −6·9‰ in the summer, to −12·0‰ during winter snowfalls (mean δ¹⁸O −9·59‰). Although damped, this seasonality was reflected in stream water outputs at seven sampling sites in the catchment, allowing δ¹⁸O variations to be used to infer hydrological source areas. Thus, stream water δ¹⁸O was generally controlled by a seasonally variable storm flow end member, mixing with groundwater of more constant isotopic composition. Periodic regression analysis allowed the differences in this mixing process between monitoring subcatchments to be assessed more quantitatively to provide a preliminary estimate of mean stream water residence time. This demonstrated the importance of responsive hydrological pathways associated with peat and shallow alpine soils in the headwater subcatchments in producing seasonally variable runoff with short mean residence times (33–113 days). In contrast, other tributaries with more freely draining soils and larger groundwater storage in shallow aquifers provided more effective mixing of variable precipitation inputs, resulting in longer residence time estimates (178–445 days). The mean residence time of runoff leaving the Feshie catchment reflected an integration of these contrasting influences (110–200 days). These insights from δ¹⁸O measurements extend the hydrological understanding of the Feshie catchment gained from other hydrochemical tracers, and demonstrate the utility of isotope tracers in investigating hydrological processes at the mesoscale. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Response of Cultural Lake Eutrophication to Hemp-retting in Quidenham Mere of England in Post-Medieval

To study the influence of human activity on natural lake, chironomid fauna change in the 700–560cm lake sediment in Quidenham Mere of England associated with chironomid inferred TP presented that the lake experienced a whole eutrophication process due to human hemp-retting in Post-Medieval based on the history record and pollen analysis, which was confirmed by mollusc and ostracod analysis. However, the response of chironomid and mollusc to retting was the strongest with ostracod a little behind. It proved that cultural eutrophication existed in history and could be recovered by itself despite of some long-term unachievable destroy. And it was most important for external nutrient to be cut off during lake restoration even in ancient times.     

对华北山地低山麓面形成时代之新认识

华北山地太行山东麓和燕山南麓的低山麓面比较发育。前人研究成果中,均把其与地文期中的"××期侵蚀"对比,形成于晚上新世。但不少研究资料表明,它向山地内部延伸,逐渐以喇叭口状收缩与河流谷地内的第三级阶地面相连。低山麓面和阶地面上的组成物质是红色砂、粘土砾石和红色土。古生物化石和测年数据表明其形成于中更新世。因此,它与地文期中的"××期侵蚀"是不同时期的面,二者不能对比。     

DISCOVERY OF SURFACE RUPTURE ZONE IN JIUXI BASIN,GANSU PROVINCE

Qilian Shan-Hexi Corridor is located at the northeastern margin of Tibetan plateau. Series of late Quaternary active faults are developed in this region. A number of strong earthquakes even large earthquakes occurred in history and present-day. In the past, the study of active faults in the area was mostly concentrated in the northern margin fault zone of the Qilian Shan on the south side of the corridor, while the research on the interior and the north side of the corridor basin was relatively rare. We found a new fault scarp in the northern part of the Baiyanghe anticline in Jiuxi Basin in 2010. It is an earthquake surface rupture zone which has never been reported before. In this paper, we carried out palaeoearthquake trench analysis on the newly found earthquake surface rupture zone and textual research of relevant historical earthquakes data. According to the interpretation of aerial photo and satellite image and field investigation, we found the surface rupture has the length of about 5km. The rupture shows as an arc-shaped line and is preserved intact comparably. The lower terrace and the latest flood alluvial fan are offset in addition to modern gullies. By differential GPS measurement, the height of the scarp is about 0.5~0.7m in the latest alluvial fan and about 1.5m in the T₁ terrace. From the residual ruins along the earthquake rupture zone, we believe the surface rupture might be produced by an earthquake event occurring not long ago. In addition, the rupture zone locates in the area where the climate is dry and rainless and there are no human activities induced damages. These all provide an objective condition for the preservation of the rupture zone. The trench along the fault reveals that the surface rupture was formed about 1500 years ago, and another earthquake event might have happened before it. Based on the textural research on the historical earthquake data and the research degree in the area at present, we believe that the surface rupture is related to the Yumen earthquake in 365, Yumen Huihuipu earthquake in 1785 or another unrecorded historical earthquake event.     

高轴压和围压共同作用下矽卡岩受频繁动态扰动时的动力学特性

以冬瓜山铜矿深部出矿进路附近的矽卡岩为研究对象,采用改进的SHPB试验系统,进行高轴压和围压共同作用下受频繁动态扰动时深部矽卡岩动力学特性的研究。研究结果表明：预加载的高轴压和围压促使岩石内部微裂纹闭合,致使冲击荷载作用时动态应力-应变曲线初始阶段无下凹现象,即无压密阶段;峰值应力后,当岩样内部存储的弹性力大于卸荷时的冲击荷载时,出现应变减小的回弹现象,否则压缩应变一直增大至岩样破碎;累计扰动冲击次数随围压增大递增,随轴压增大递减,且增减率受围压、轴压大小的影响;动态变形模量、动态峰值应力随扰动冲击次数增加而减小,但最大应变及动态峰值应变增加;动态均值强度随轴压增大而减小,随围压增大先减小后增大;岩石动态变形过程中伴随着弹性变形,产生的回弹应变总体上随扰动冲击次数的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势发展。     

20世纪以来东北城市的发展及其历史作用

东北地区城市的产生与发展有着悠久的历史,并形成特有的文化,但由于历史的原因,城市发展水平长期落后于中原地区。东北地区近现代城市的产生与发展是近100年的事情。20世纪以来,东北地区经历了清政府的移民实边,俄、日等帝国主义的殖民侵略与掠夺开发,新中国成立后的工业化重点发展。伴随着经济的发展和经济结构的剧烈变革,东北城市发展进入鼎盛时期,并后来居上成为我国除几个直辖市外,城市化水平最高的地区。与全国其他地区城市相比,东北城市发展有着特定的社会政治与经济背景,但也清晰而集中地反映了城市化与交通发展、工业化相互促进,同步发展的特征。本文试图把东北地区近百年来城市的发展置于区域社会政治与经济发展的进程中进行考察,着重探讨东北辽宁、吉林、黑龙江三省城市发展的动因,同时阐明它的发展对区域经济及全国经济产生的影响,分析当前存在的主要问题。     

Evaluation of the measured seismic response of the Mexico City Cathedral

The seismic response of the Mexico City Cathedral built of very soft soil deposits is evaluated by using motions recorded in various parts of the structure during several moderate earthquakes. This unique set of records provides significant insight into the seismic response of this and other similar historic stone masonry structures. Free‐field ground motions are carefully compared in time and frequency domains with motions recorded at building basement. The dynamic characteristics of the structure are inferred from the earthquake records by using system identification techniques. Variation of seismic response for different seismic intensities is discussed. It is shown that, due to the soil–structure interaction, due to large differences between dominant frequencies of earthquake ground motions at the site and modal frequencies of vibration of the structure, and due to a particularly high viscous damping, seismic amplifications of ground motion in this and similar historic buildings erected on soft soil deposits are much smaller than that induced in most modern constructions. Nevertheless, earthquake records and analytical results show that several components of the structure such as its central dome and the bell towers may be subjected to local vibrations that significantly amplify ground motions. Overall, results indicate that in its present state the structure has an acceptable level of seismic safety. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characterization of low-temperature pyroclastic surges that occurred in the northeastern Japan arc during the late 19th century

Three eruption events occurring in the central part of the northeastern Japan arc were investigated and compared: Adatara AD1900, Zao AD1895, and Bandai AD1888. Producing low-temperature (LT) pyroclastic surges, these events are characterized by steam eruptions ejecting no juvenile material. These eruptions' well-preserved eruptive deposits and facies facilitated granulometric analyses of the beds, which revealed the transport and deposition mechanisms of LT surges. Combining these results with those of investigations of documents reporting the events, we correlated each eruption to the relevant individual bed and reconstructed the LT surge development sequence. Important findings related to the transport and deposition modes are the following. (1) Bed sets consisting of thin, laminated ash and its overlying thick massive tuff were recognized in the Adatara 1900 proximal deposits. The bed set was probably produced by a strong wind that discharged and propagated quickly from the vent (leading wind) and a gravitationally segregated, highly concentrated flow originated from the eruption column, within a discrete eruption episode. A similar combination might have occurred during the first surge of the Bandai 1888 event. (2) Comparison of the proximal and distal facies for the largest eruption of Adatara 1900 event indicates that the initial turbulence of the eruption cloud decreased rapidly, transforming into a density-stratified surge with a highly concentrated part near the base. Similar surges occurred in the climatic stage of Zao 1895. (3) Bandai 1888 ejecta indicate massive beds deposited preferentially at topographic lows. Co-occurring planar beds showed no topographic affection, as indicated by the topographic blocking of a stratified surge. The observed facies–massive tuffs, crudely stratified tuffs, and thin bedded tuffs–are compatible with those for high-temperature surges. At Bandai, absence of dune bedded tuffs and commonly poorer sorting in the LT surge deposits might be attributable to poor thermally induced turbulence of eruption columns. Condensation of vapor in the surges might have contributed to the poor sorting. The estimated explosion energies were 6 × 10¹³ J for Adatara AD1900, 6.5 × 10¹⁰ J for Zao AD1895, and 6.5 × 10¹⁵ J for Bandai AD1888, implying that the three events were hydrothermal eruptions with distinctive eruptive mechanisms. Regarding eruption sources, the Adatara 1900 event was caused solely by thermal energy of the hydrothermal fluid, although magma intrusion likely triggered evolution of hydrothermal systems at Zao in 1895. Steam eruptions in the Bandai 1888 event occurred simultaneously with sudden exposure of the hydrothermal system, whose triggers require no internal energy.     

Saltwater intrusion modeling in heterogeneous confined aquifers using two-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method

This study develops a lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) with a two-relaxation-time collision operator (LTRT) to solve saltwater intrusion problems. A directional-speed-of-sound (DSS) technique is introduced to take into account the hydraulic conductivity heterogeneity and discontinuity, as well as the velocity-dependent dispersion coefficient. The forcing terms in the LTRT model are customized in order to recover the density-dependent groundwater flow and mass transport equations. Using the LTRT with the squared DSS achieves at least second-order accuracy. The LTRT results are verified with Henry’s analytical solution as well as compared with several numerical examples and modified Henry problems that consider heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity and velocity-dependent dispersion. The numerical results show good agreement with the Henry analytical solution and with the numerical solutions obtained by other numerical methods.