Isotopic and geochemical tracers reveal similarities in transit times in contrasting mesoscale catchments

There is a need for more isotopic tracer studies at the mesoscale to extend our understanding of catchment transit times and their associated controls beyond smaller experimental sites (typically < 10 km²). This paper, therefore, examines the isotope hydrology of six mesoscale (10¹–10² km²) sub‐catchments of the 2000 km² basin of the River Dee in northern Scotland. All the catchments were upland in character (mean altitude > 400 m) with similar suites of soil coverage (predominantly regosols, gleys, peats and podzols), although the relative distribution varied, as did the presence of other landscape features such as aquifers in Quaternary drifts and lakes. Input–output relationships of δ¹⁸O in precipitation and runoff revealed contrasting responses and differential damping which were broadly consistent with catchment characteristics. The mean transit times (MTTs) were estimated using a convolution integral with a Gamma distribution as the transfer function. These varied from 528 days in the most responsive catchments to > 800 days in catchments where the tracer signature was most damped. Shorter MTTs were found in sub‐catchments with a higher percentage cover of responsive soils (i.e. regosols, gleys and peats), whilst sub‐catchments with longest MTTs had a higher coverage of free‐draining podzolic and alluvial soils, as well as significant amount of stored water either in fluvio‐glacial aquifers or large lakes. The MTT of all six catchments had the same order of magnitude; this contrasts with studies in the Scottish Highlands with smaller (<10 km²) catchments where MTT has been shown to vary between 60 and 1200 days. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

弄平炮台边防哨所防雷方案实施浅谈

通过对高山古建筑物易受雷击特点,经过实地堪察对那坡县弄平炮台边防哨所的防雷措施进行了设计及方案实施,有效地解决了弄平炮台边防哨所多年来受雷击的危害。     

A direct method of calculating interval velocities and layer thicknesses from wide-angle seismic reflection times

Wide-angle reflections are now routinely recorded in high resolution explosion seismics to study the crustal structure. Use of Dix's hyperbolic approximation to the nonhyperbolic wide-angle reflection travel times causes major errors in the determination of interval velocities and layer thicknesses of a stack of horizontal velocity layers. Here we propose a layer stripping method to directly calculate the interval velocities and layer thicknesses in a vertically heterogeneous earth from the strong and reliable wide-angle reflected events. Synthetic reflection travel times, at wide-angle range, for a given velocity model, contaminated by some random errors, have been used to demonstrate the reliability of the algorithms to determine the interval velocities and thicknesses of various layers. The method has also been tested on two field examples along two deep seismic sounding (DSS) profiles with well identified wide-angle reflection travel times, which illustrates the practical feasibility of the proposed method.     

Post-Little Ice Age Development of Coast in the Locality of Kapp Napier,Central Spitsbergen,Svalbard Archipelago

Abstract

Changes in the position of the shore in the vicinity of Kapp Napier in central Svalbard was described. The overall advance of the shore was probably related to high input of the sediment material originating from erosion of the coastal areas south of the Kapp Napier locality and high input of material from adjacent glacifluvial system of Nordenskiöld glacier with its marginal water streams. Fast evolution of glacier retreat related processes after the Little Ice Age was a secondary driver of the dynamic changes in the central Svalbard coastal areas especially in the first half of the 20th century. The highly dynamic longshore currents in the area altogether with still ongoing glacio-isostatic uplift played an important role in the process as well. The most active parts of the shore experienced advance of almost 100 m since 1908 to 2009. On the other hand, a small part of the coast retreated of about 20 m. Most of the study area experienced aggradation (65%), 30% of the coast was stable and about 5% of the coast has undergone minor retreat. The maximum aggradation rate of 0.96?m/year corresponds well with similar sites in the vicinity.     

Application of a wind-driven hydrodynamic model for the quantification of transport in an open boundary canal-lakes system in sw Friesland,The Netherlands

The south western lake district is a part of the boezem, a system of interconnected lakes and canals in the province of Friesland. The lake district has open boundaries with the other part of the boezem system. However, discharges in the boundary canals are unknown. These discharges are needed for modelling the phosphorus dynamics in the study area. Incidental water flow measurements gave a good indication of the complex water transport in the study area, but continuous water flow recording was not possible. Consequently, discharges could not be measured directly. In order to quantify the discharges, the water transport in the area was modelled by the application of a detailed wind-driven hydrodynamic model. In the model hourly mean values of wind data and water levels at the boundary locations were used as forcing functions. Model tuning was done by comparing observed and computed water levels of three stations within the system. This approach is new in surface water systems in The Netherlands. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis was done and it was verified whether the model results were reliable.The sensitivity analysis showed that the sensitivity was low for modifications of the wind exponent value and rather high for the bottom roughness coefficient. Simulations with daily or weekly mean wind and water level data resulted in an undesirable loss of detail. The sensitivity for noise at the imposed water levels at the boundary locations was moderate. The calculated discharges were used as forcing functions for a chloride mass balance model. Calculated chloride concentrations coincided with measured concentrations in three lakes, during three periods. From this it was concluded that the discharges were reliable. The simulations also lead to the quantification of the water balance and water residence times in the lakes.     

昆明盆地的地质构造特征

根据昆明盆地新生代地层分布特征，分析昆明盆地的形成时代，并通过分析昆明盆地的主要断裂及其活动性、昆明盆地的基底构造，对昆明盆地的地质构造特征进行研究。结果认为，昆明盆地的形成时代为上新世中晚期，中更新世－晚更新世为昆明盆地全盛时期；控制昆明盆地形成与发展的有四组主要活动断裂；昆明盆地的基底构造表现为“两凹夹一隆”的构造形式。     

历史时期莱州湾沿海平原湖沼的变迁*

莱州湾沿海平原地区,古代曾有许多湖沼,其中以巨淀湖最大。根据历史文献和考古资料,查明了随着历史的发展,巨淀湖发生空间转移,并查明大部分湖沼最后逐渐消失的过程,阐述了这些湖沼空间分布特点以及导致变迁的因素,探讨它们消失的环境后果,并尝试提出吸取历史教训改善环境的建议。     

利用碳酸盐矿物成分研究沉积-成岩过程中流体盐度演化──以东营凹陷沙四段低熟油烃源岩为例

以东营凹陷沙四段上部烃源岩为研究对象,利用电子探针微区测试技术,对同生、成岩及成岩期后不同阶段碳酸盐矿物进行了系统分析,揭示出不同古地理位置碳酸盐成分的三种变化情况,即Mg／Ca比值①由高到低,②一直保持很高,成岩期后降低,和③由低到高,反映了不同层段从沉积到成岩直至成岩期后水体或孔隙流体盐度的三种变化历程,进而确定了该凹陷中心区域烃源岩成岩过程中处于高盐度介质环境中,对于分析该区油气生成条件具有重要意义。本文的研究思路和方法对于其它地区的类似工作也有一定借鉴意义。