密集城区高分辨率遥感影像建筑物提取

建筑物在地理国情监测中是一个重要目标,快速、准确地提取城市建筑物可以带来巨大的经济价值。本文在前人针对城市区域的建筑物提取研究基础上,对现有提取方法存在的问题,提出了一种针对密集城区的面向对象自动化建筑物提取流程。首先利用高分辨率遥感影像得到阴影和建筑物初提取结果;然后利用阴影和建筑物的空间位置关系,建立筛选条件,对疑似建筑物区域过滤;最后通过图割算法来精确建筑物轮廓。通过使用武汉地区的两幅QuickBird影像进行算法验证试验,可得到准确的检测结果。本算法可应用于密集城区的建筑物检测,能够有效减少人工判图的工作量。     

融合可变形卷积与条件随机场的遥感影像语义分割方法

当前,深度卷积神经网络在遥感影像语义分割领域取得了长足的发展.标准的卷积神经网络由于卷积核的几何形状是固定的,导致对几何变换的模拟能力受到限制.本文引入一种可变形卷积来增强卷积网络对空间变换的适应能力.由于神经网络架构中使用了池化层操作,这会导致在输出层未能充分地对局部对象进行准确的分割.为了克服这种特性,本文将神经网络输出层的粗糙预测分割结果通过全连接的条件随机场来进行处理,以此来提高对影像细节的分割能力.本文方法易于采用标准的反向传播算法进行端到端的方式训练.ISPRS数据集上的测试试验结果表明本文方法可以有效地克服遥感影像中分割对象的复杂结构对分割结果的影响,并在该数据集上获得了当前最好的语义分割结果.     

用改进的剖面匹配算子提取高分辨率遥感影像上带状道路

剖面匹配在道路提取中得到了广泛的应用,但现有的相关文献中普遍利用数学模型模拟道路轨迹、利用最小二乘剖面匹配的结果进一步修正数学模型预测的道路点的方法,这种方法与实际的路况有较大的差别。本文中,用户初始化后获得道路的起始点、前进方向、道路的宽度和模板剖面。通过将模板剖面沿道路前进方向平移和旋转生成一系列目标剖面,求目标剖面与模板剖面的灰度差的平方和,在求平方和时给剖面的道路部分更多权重,最小的平方和对应的目标剖面的中点为最精确的道路点,迭代上述步骤追踪道路轨迹。经试验证明,改进的剖面匹配算子是一种稳健高效的道路追踪算法。     

Modelling snow water equivalent and spring runoff in a boreal watershed,James Bay,Canada

The hydrology of boreal regions is strongly influenced by seasonal snow accumulation and melt. In this study, we compare simulations of snow water equivalent (SWE) and streamflow by using the hydrological model HYDROTEL with two contrasting approaches for snow modelling: a mixed degree‐day/energy balance model (small number of inputs, but several calibration parameters needed) and the thermodynamic model CROCUS (large number of inputs, but no calibration parameter needed). The study site, in Northern Quebec, Canada was equipped with a ground‐based gamma ray sensor measuring the SWE continuously for 5 years in a small forest clearing. The first simulation of CROCUS showed a tendency to underestimate SWE, attributable to bias in the meteorological inputs. We found that it was appropriate to use a threshold of 2 °C to separate rain and snow. We also applied a correction to account for snowfall undercatch by the precipitation gauge. After these modifications to the input dataset, we noticed that CROCUS clearly overestimated the SWE, likely as a result of not including loss in SWE because of blowing snow sublimation and relocation. To correct this, we included into CROCUS a simple parameterisation effective after a certain wind speed threshold, after which the thermodynamic model performed much better than the traditional mixed degree‐day/energy balance model. HYDROTEL was then used to simulate streamflow with both snow models. With CROCUS, the main peak flow could be captured, but the second peak because of delayed snowmelt from forested areas could not be reproduced due to a lack of sub‐canopy radiation data to feed CROCUS. Despite the relative homogeneity of the boreal landscape, data inputs from each land cover type are needed to generate satisfying simulation of the spring runoff. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地球物理技术最新进展：高分辨率地震频率和相位属性分析技术研究与应用效果

随着地震勘探技术在石油勘探开发中的应用和发展,常规地震资料的分辨率已经难以满足精细勘探开发的需要。另外一方面,在复杂的地质条件下,有效提高地震资料定量解释的精度,准确识别含油气的有效储层并圈定有利区也是成功勘探开发的关键因素。经过多年来不断研究和试验,提出了一系列高分辨率定量解释的方法和技术。通过在多个地区碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩和非常规地质背景下的应用情况表明：高分辨率地震频率和相位属性分析技术等定量解释技术应用效果非常显著;地震资料频谱恢复提高分辨率处理技术可以大幅提高薄层、断裂、溶洞等地质细节的识别能力;多尺度断裂检测技术可以在识别大尺度断层的基础上能有效检测出小尺度的微断裂;高分辨率频谱分解和相位分解技术在传统的振幅信息基础上将地震属性分析拓展到频率和相位维度,大幅地增加了反映地下地质特征和含油气性的地震响应信息,还提高了地震解释的可靠性,降低了地质认识的多解性,使基于高分辨率定量解释技术的有效储层识别更加高效、准确。     

基于深度学习和高分遥感影像的青藏高原东部融冻泥流阶地提取研究

融冻泥流阶地是一种典型的斜坡冷生型冰缘地貌,在青藏高原东部发现大量古融冻泥流阶地,其空间分布对于重建该区古多年冻土分布和古气候环境具有重要意义。融冻泥流阶地纹理复杂、几何形态不一、表面覆盖多样化,导致融冻泥流阶地遥感解译和自动提取困难,然而,深度学习方法能获取上下文多尺度语义信息,提高特征表达的能力,为融冻泥流阶地的大范围提取提供了重要手段。因此,本文提出了一种基于DeepLab V3+深度学习模型和高分辨率光学遥感影像的融冻泥流阶地自动提取方法,并在四川甘孜州新都桥周边地区开展了实验研究。结果表明：与人工解译结果对比,本方法提取结果的综合精度达到0.68以上,并经野外调查验证了其有效性;在该区共识别了9 203条融冻泥流阶地,主要分布在新都桥镇附近的山谷两侧;泥流阶地主要朝西北方向,坡度集中分布在20°~25°,海拔高程大部分位于3 650~3 750 m间,主要地表覆盖类型是草地。     

Seismic activities before and after the impoundment of the Xiangjiaba and Xiluodu reservoirs in the lower Jinsha River

The lower Jinsha River basin is located at the junction of Sichuan and Yunnan provinces in Southwest China, a region with intense tectonic movements and frequent moderate to strong seismic activities. Cascade hydropower stations have been constructed along the lower Jinsha River since 2012. However, research on the effect of the impoundment of large-scale cascade reservoirs in a river basin on local seismic activities is currently lacking. Accurately identifying earthquake locations is essential for studying reservoir-induced earthquakes. Analyzing the spatiotemporal migration process of seismic activities based on complete and precise earthquake relocation is fundamental for determining the fluid diffusion coefficient, constructing fault models for reservoir areas, identifying earthquake types, exploring earthquake mechanisms, and evaluating seismic hazards. The seismicity pattern in the Xiangjiaba and Xiluodu reservoir areas, where seismic activities had been weak for a long time, has changed with the successive impoundment of the two reservoirs, showing microseismic events and seismic clusters. We investigated the spatiotemporal characteristics of seismic activities in the Xiangjiaba and Xiluodu reservoir areas using the waveform cross-correlation-based double-difference relocation technique and the b-value analysis method. We discovered that seismic events after the impoundment of these two reservoirs exhibited different characteristics in different regions. The seismic activities at the Xiluodu dam quickly responded to the rising water level, with the seismic intensity decaying rapidly afterward. These events were concentrated in the limestone strata along both sides of the Jinsha River, with a shallow focal depth, generally within 5 km, and a high b-value of approximately 1.2. Such features are close to those of karst-type earthquakes. Microseismic activities frequent occur on the eastern bank of the Yongshan reservoir section downstream of the Xiluodu dam, with two parallel NW-trending earthquake strips visible after precise earthquake relocation. The M_S5.2 earthquake near Wuji town on August 17, 2014, had prominent foreshocks and aftershocks distributed in a clear NW-trending 20-km-long strip, perpendicular to the riverbank. These seismic events had a low b-value of approximately 0.7. The orientation of the node plane revealed by the strike-slip focal mechanism of the mainshock is consistent with that of the strip formed by the foreshock-mainshock-aftershock sequence, indicating the existence of a NW-striking concealed fault. Seismic activities near the Yanjin-Mabian fault upstream of the Xiangjiaba reservoir area since 2013 were concentrated in a NW-trending strip, with several near EW-trending seismic clusters on its western side, and with the largest event having a magnitude of M_L3.7. So far, the impoundment of the Xiangjiaba and Xiluodu reservoirs has not triggered seismic activities on the large Jinyang-Ebian and Yanjin-Mabian faults nearby.     

唐山北部地区浅层一维剪切波速度结构初步研究

2019年8月2日河北省唐山市路南区某矿井区发生M_L2.4巷道塌陷,基于塌陷周边台站观测到的短周期瑞雷波,提取面波基阶群速度频散曲线,并利用迭代反演方法得到研究区域地下10 km深度范围内的一维剪切波速度结构,用于精定位分析。速度分析结果表明,研究区域浅表剪切波速度约为2.46 km/s;深度为2 km时,塌陷周边存在小范围的低速区,速度约为2.57 km/s;深度约为4 km时,剪切波速度达3.47 km/s;深度为5～9 km时,唐山东部沉积盆地内存在1个剪切波低速层。精定位分析结果表明,增加浅层速度模型有助于提高深度较小的地震定位精度;塌陷周边的低速区向下延伸近20 km,为地震多发区。     

Resistance to relocation in flood-vulnerable coastal areas: a proposed composite index

The increasing number of coastal floods in recent years in France has resulted in the design of new adaptation principles for the most endangered coastal areas. The aim of the government is to reduce the vulnerability of these areas by relocating property and infrastructure. These measures have, however, come up against considerable opposition from the population concerned. Using a survey of 421 inhabitants of Hyères, a coastal town in the South of France, this article proposes the study of resistance to relocation through the creation of an index for resistance that incorporates attachment to place, residential mobility and risk perception. The results show a correlation for the index and distance from the sea that highlights the existence of conflicting interests with adaptation measures depending upon population categories.

Key policy insights

• In France, although coastal flooding risk is a key issue in numerous populated coastal areas, coastal dwellers show little willingness to relocate.

• Resistance to relocation can be assessed through a composite index integrating place attachment, residential mobility and risk perception.

• Application of such an index shows a correlation between willingness to relocate and distance from the sea.

• Conflicts of interest with adaptation measures also depend on the age of the dwellers, their standard of living and on home ownership.

     

月震重定位

由于前人的月震定位结果主要是基于20世纪70、80年代的月球速度模型, 定位结果误差较大, 无法为月震层析成像等研究提供精确的月震参数.随着对月球内部结构研究的不断深入, 月球速度模型及分层结构的精细程度已经有了很大提高.通过对Apollo月震数据解码及分析, 重新拾取了月震初至数据, 在总结前人震源定位的基础上, 利用月球新近速度模型, 采用Geiger震源定位方法进行了月震震源定位, 给出了较为全面的月震参数目录, 并对月震和地震的分布及形成机制进行了对比, 可为以后月震及月球内部结构的深入研究提供更多的依据.