基于NDVI先验知识的LAI地面采样方法

针对非均质中低分辨率像元的叶面积指数LAI验证中如何布设基本采样单元ESU的问题,提出基于NDVI先验知识的ESU布设方法,并采用不同植被类型、不同均匀程度的地表作为模拟场,分析对比了方法的精度及稳定性。结果显示,本文方法用NDVI先验知识描述植被的生长空间分布信息,能相对准确地划分植被的不同生长水平,有效降低层内方差。在草地和森林地区的试验中,精度与稳定性均优于传统的随机采样、均匀采样和基于分类图的3种采样方法。因此,本文提出的采样方法为大尺度非均质区域LAI地面验证的采样方案提供了新的设计思路。     

iTRAQ-based proteomic profiling of the marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) gonad exposed to BDE-47

A recent study demonstrated that 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) may have an adverse effect on the reproduction in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma), but the molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the protein expression profiles of male and female gonads of O. melastigma exposed to dietary BDE-47 at two dosages (0.65 and 1.30 μg/g/day, respectively) for 21 days. Extracted proteins were labeled with iTRAQ and analyzed on a MALDI TOF/TOF analyzer, as results, 133 and 144 unique proteins were identified in testis and ovary, respective, and they exerted dose- and sex-dependent expression patterns. In testis, among the 42 differentially expressed proteins; down-regulation of histone variants and parvalbumins implicated BDE-47 may disrupt the spermatogenesis and induce sterility in fishes. In ovary, 38 proteins were differentially expressed; the elevation of vitellogenins and apolipoprotein A–I expression indicated BDE-47 acts as an estrogen-mimicking compound and led to reproductive impairment in O. melastigma.     

象拔蚌人工育苗技术研究

通过对亲贝促熟、人工催产、幼虫培育和采苗等技术环节的研究,建立了象拔蚌(Panopea gen-erosa)的人工繁育技术。研究表明,在盐度28~30条件下,受精卵在水温11、13、16oC时发育至D形幼虫所需时间分别为83、60和46 h;在水温16~18oC,经20 d发育至壳长约380μm的壳顶幼虫时出现足和水管原基,进入附着变态阶段。投放附着基后培育约70 d,可生长至壳长5 mm的幼贝。壳长日增长量在D形幼虫阶段为6.2μm,在壳顶幼虫阶段为16.8μm,附着变态后生长速度加快,外形具成体形态。不同附着基的采苗率依次为：细砂>卵石>聚乙烯网片>波纹板。     

非均质包气带三氮累积转化模拟砂箱试验

为研究包气带非均质结构对氮素迁移转化的影响,采用室内砂箱实验模拟了1.72 mm/h降雨强度下NH₄-N污染非均质包气带的过程。通过观测出水及土壤溶液中NH₄-N、NO₂-N和NO₃-N质量浓度变化,分析探讨了NH₄-N在含有两个亚粘土透镜体的非均质包气带介质中的迁移转化和累积时空分布特征。结果表明：经过89 d物理吸附和微生物作用,出水NH₄-N首先迅速增加然后逐渐减小,而出水NO₃-N含量持续增加,其间NO₂-N出现累积峰,系统最终达到平衡稳定状态;土壤溶液中NH₄-N在两亚粘土透镜体上表面累积较多,NO₃-N和NO₂-N在上透镜体中的累积含量大于下透镜体;而砂槽上部土壤中出现明显的NO₃-N累积,NH₄-N和NO₂-N则在下部土壤和亚粘土透镜体中累积较多。包气带介质质地、粗 细交互结构及降雨淋溶、水分运移对“三氮”的迁移转化和富集有重要影响。     

Gigantic low-gradient landslides in the northern periphery of the Crimean Mountains (Ukraine)

Large-scale, low-gradient ancient landslides estimated at 5.4–18.9 km² in area and  0.2–1.2 km³ in volume have been studied in the northern hilly periphery of the Crimean Mountains (Ukraine). They originated on slopes along wide water gaps of rivers (Belbek, Kacha, Alma and Biyuk–Karasu) crossing the cuestas of the northern foothills. The slopes generally consist of slightly northward tilting Miocene (mainly Sarmatian) limestones overlying weak, clay-rich Lower Neogene–Palaeogene substratum with a significant content of smectite. Although the region is characterised by the least active contemporary morphodynamics within the Crimean Mountains, the landslides which were studied are of the same size or even larger than various types of landslides occupying active geomorphic domains of the highest mountain range in the southernmost part of the peninsula. The landslides are generally a spreading type, but the sliding mechanics were probably very complex, involving toppling, rotational slides, gravitational folding and translational block slides. All the landslides which were studied are located in the vicinity of regional faults and three of them have headscarps aligned along faults. A common feature is also a location close (within several km) to the Mesozoic suture zone which is the most important tectonic feature in the northern periphery of the Crimean Orogene. This suture was formerly classified as aseismic; however, evidence of strong, low-frequency palaeoearthquakes was collected during the last decade within both the Mesozoic suture and the low-lying northern part of the Crimean Peninsula. Radiocarbon dating of deposits associated with the landslides has revealed at least two phases of increased landslide-activity during the Late Glacial chronozone and Holocene epoch. The main landslide phase presumably took place at some time between the Late Glacial and Atlantic chronozones. Minor reactivation of landslide toes occurred during the Subatlantic chronozone and some of them have been active up to recent times. The first major landslide phase was possibly triggered by an earthquake, whereas late Holocene activity can be attributed both to seismic and hydroclimatic factors.     

陇中黄土高原LAS在非均匀下垫面的观测优势及其在区域陆面模式验证中的初步应用

目前通用的通量观测技术涡动相关仪（EC）在区域陆面模式验证中存在能量不闭合和空间代表性有限的问题,寻求改进EC观测热通量的新技术是提高陆面模式验证效果的关键环节,大孔径闪烁仪（LAS）的出现有效改善了这一现状。基于黄土高原定西站2010年1月和6月的同步综合观测资料以及目前比较有代表性的陆面过程模式CLM的模拟数据,分析研究了LAS对EC观测地表能量不平衡问题的改进以及LAS对EC在区域陆面模式验证中的提高,结果表明：LAS可有效解决EC观测存在的地表能量不平衡问题,提高EC的地表能量闭合度,在非均匀下垫面LAS观测优势突出;利用LAS观测的感热通量进行区域陆面模式的验证,能够很大程度地避免EC能量不闭合和空间尺度不匹配在验证中造成的偏差,LAS观测更适合于大尺度模拟的验证,验证效果更好。     

基于PFC2D数值试验的异性结构面剪切强度特性研究

天然岩体中广泛发育两侧岩性不同的异性结构面,开展异性结构面变形和强度特性研究旨在为岩体稳定性评价和利用提供依据。选取三峡库区侏罗系典型的砂岩-泥岩异性岩层,首先运用分形几何理论,定量计算了平直和4种不同不规则起伏形态结构面的粗糙度系数JRC值,然后基于PFC2D颗粒流程序,分别开展了以上5种形态异性结构面的数值剪切试验,获得了各形态结构面在不同正应力下的剪切应力-位移曲线。根据数值试验结果,采用巴顿的JRC-JCS模型分析了异性结构面强度特性,并与同性结构面强度性质进行对比研究。最后,在考虑异性结构面剪切破坏机制的基础上,引入强度因子的概念,提出了新的适用于异性结构面强度评价的两类改进巴顿准则。研究结果表明：异性岩体结构面抗剪强度介于相同粗糙度的两种同性结构面强度之间,在较低正应力下接近软岩同性结构面强度,符合Ⅰ型改进巴顿准则;在较高正应力下偏向硬岩同性结构面强度,符合Ⅱ型改进巴顿准则。实际工程中可利用改进准则并根据异性结构面应力状态对岩体稳定性进行评价,弥补了以往研究的不足。     

低渗透油藏水平井注CO2井网优化与影响因素

针对低渗透油藏直井井网CO₂驱油的不足,以大庆某低渗区块为例,建立反七点水平井井网CO₂驱油地质模型。在物性参数相态拟合的基础上,对反七点水平井和五点直井两种不同井网模式的开发效果进行了对比,对反七点水平井井网参数进行了优化,同时对储层非均质(渗透率、储层非均质性、裂缝的发育情况等)进行了影响因素分析。研究表明：利用水平井注CO₂可以适当地增大井距、排距,减少井的数量,降低钻井成本;在生产制度相同的情况下水平井井网的开发效果要比直井井网的开发效果好;在水平井井网中,采出程度随着油井到水平井的垂直距离的比值变化而变化,当比值为1.4时采出程度最大;水平井注CO₂更适合低渗透正韵律储层;在储层裂缝发育的情况下,裂缝条数越多,CO₂在储层中的不均匀推进现象越明显,最终采出程度越低。     

面向大数据时代的数据融合系统之空间数据挖掘、分析和改进

多重空间数据因其可用性及几何和主题方面的质量差异,催生了针对数据挖掘方法研究的新系统开发,其中包括了异构空间数据结构分析与改进的处理进程。本文介绍了空间数据融合系统（ DAFU）的概念、架构与功能性方面的内容,DAFU能够有效使用异构空间数据信息并可进行地理数据的个体使用。     

面向异构空间区域分片的3RM缝隙处理模型

针对分布式环境下区域分片片段间的各种原始缝隙,提出一种3RM(Three Relational Matrix)缝隙处理模型。该模型采用两阶段流程,第1步划分空间计算单元,对区域分片边界处的要素进行聚类分组;第2步对各个空间计算单元进行缝隙处理。模型研究区域分片边界处缝隙的描述和区分方法,依据要素拓扑关系、属性关系以及精度3种关系建立了3RM缝隙处理矩阵,发现线状和面状要素在分片数据边界处的38种潜在的缝隙,并建立了相应的缝隙处理方法。运用3RM模型对异构的土地利用分片数据进行缝隙处理试验,试验结果表明,本文提出的缝隙处理模型能够有效处理实际分片数据当中的各种缝隙。