Unbundling Stockholm: The networks, planning and social welfare nexus beyond the unitary city

This paper focuses on the extent to which recent infrastructure-oriented urban developments in Stockholm concord with various aspects of the ‘splintering urbanism’ thesis of Graham and Marvin. This contextualisation allows us to extend their work empirically and conceptually. In the first instance, we study a particular case of the decline of a unitary networked city (in an urban context largely absent from their book). In the second instance, we develop their notion of ‘unbundling’ to capture not just core changes in the organisation of infrastructure provision, but an overarching disjunction of the established nexus between networks, planning and social welfare in the city. This disjunction operates through interlinked transformations concerning, for example, privatisation and outsourcing in network services, separation of infrastructure planning from broader urban planning, contradictions between the environmental and social mandates of infrastructure, and a (prospective) curtailment of the redistributive, social role of essential network service provision. We conclude nonetheless that this ‘destructive’ moment of unbundling has not so far been pursued by more explicitly ‘creative’ urban fragmentation strategies, due largely to the vestiges of a socio-political consensus based around redistribution and equality. In this respect, the Stockholm case pleads for a conception of ‘splintering’ as a dynamic and multi-stage process which is not only always ongoing, unstable and incomplete, but also non-linear and open to resistance/regulation.     

Impact of Global Oceanic Warming on Winter Eurasian Climate

In the 20 th century, Eurasian warming was observed and was closely related to global oceanic warming(the first leading rotated empirical orthogonal function of annual mean sea surface temperature over the period 1901–2004). Here, large-scale patterns of covariability between global oceanic warming and circulation anomalies are investigated based on NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data. In winter, certain dominant features are found, such as a positive pattern of the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO), low-pressure anomalies over northern Eurasia, and a weakened East Asian trough. Numerical experiments with the CAM3.5, CCM3 and GFDL models are used to explore the contribution of global oceanic warming to the winter Eurasian climate. Results show that a positive NAO anomaly, low-pressure anomalies in northern Eurasia, and a weaker-than-normal East Asian trough are induced by global oceanic warming. Consequently, there are warmer winters in Europe and the northern part of East Asia. However, the Eurasian climate changes differ slightly among the three models. Eddy forcing and convective heating from those models may be the reason for the different responses of Eurasian climate.     

An Analysis of the Low Moving Speed of Landfalling Typhoon In-Fa in 2021

The movement speed of Typhoon In-Fa (2021) was notably slow, at 10 km h?1 or less, for over 20 hoursfollowing its landfall in Zhejiang, China, in contrast to other typhoons that have made landfall. This study examines thefactors contributing to the slow movement of Typhoon In-Fa, including the steering flow, diabatic heating, vertical windshear (VWS), and surface synoptic situation, by comparing it with Typhoons Yagi (2018) and Rumbia (2018) whichfollowed similar tracks. The findings reveal that the movement speed of Typhoons Yagi and Rumbia is most closelyassociated with their respective 500 hPa environmental winds, with a steering flow of 10–12 m s ?1. In contrast, Typhoon In Fa’s movement speed is most strongly correlated with the 850 hPa environmental wind field, with a steering flow speed ofonly 2 m s ?1. Furthermore, as Typhoon In-Fa moves northwest after landfall, its intensity is slightly greater than that ofTyphoons Yagi and Rumbia, and the pressure gradient in front of Typhoon In-Fa is notably smaller, leading to its slowmovement. Additionally, the precipitation distribution of Typhoon In-Fa differs from that of the other two typhoons,resulting in a weak asymmetry of wavenumber-1 diabatic heating, which indirectly affects its movement speed. Furtheranalysis indicates that VWS can alter the typhoon’s structure, weaken its intensity, and ultimately impact its movement.     

Establishment of the South Asian High over the Indo-China Peninsula During Late Spring to Summer

The establishment of the upper-level South Asian high(SAH) over the Indo-China Peninsula(ICP) during late boreal spring and its possible causes are investigated using long-term NCEP–NCAR and ERA-40 reanalysis and satellite-observed OLR data. Results show that, from early March to mid-April, deep convection stays south of ～6?N over the northern Sumatran islands. As the maximum solar radiation moves over the latitudes of the ICP(10?–20?N) in late April, the air over the ICP becomes unstable. It ascends over the ICP and descends over the adjacent waters to the east and west. This triggers deep convection over the ICP that induces large latent heating and strong updrafts and upper-level divergence, leading to the formation of an upper-level anticyclonic circulation and the SAH over the ICP. During early to mid-May, deep convection over the ICP intensifies and extends northwards to the adjacent waters. Strong latent heating from deep convection enhances and maintains the strong updrafts and upper-level divergence, and the SAH is fully established by mid-May. Thus, the seasonal maximum solar heating and the land–sea contrast around the ICP provide the basic conditions for deep convection to occur preferentially over the ICP, which leads to the formation of the SAH over the ICP from late April to mid-May. Simulations using Reg CM4 also indicate that the diabatic heating over the ICP is conducive to the generation and development of upperlevel anticyclonic circulation, which leads to an earlier establishment of the SAH.     

线性准地转模型中副热带感热加热强迫的定常波

通过求取定常线性准地转位涡模式的解析解,研究了感热加热强迫所激发的副热带定常波的结构特征,讨论了基本流、牛顿冷却及地面摩擦等对定常波振幅和位相的影响。结果表明,东风时定常波在垂直方向上表现为上、下层反位相的第一斜压结构,且地面系统远强于中高层;西风时定常波呈现出向上的传播特征,在高层,随着风速增大振幅随高度的升高有增大趋势。在近地层,东风时气旋（反气旋）主体位于加热西（东）侧;西风时气旋（反气旋）主体位于加热东（西）侧,近地层以上相反。此外,发现东、西风基本流的作用具有对称特征,这与潜热加热显著不同。研究结果还表明,牛顿冷却对定常波有重要影响,基本流越弱影响越显著。在静止大气中,感热加热强迫下无斯韦尔德鲁普（Sverdrup）解,考虑牛顿冷却时,感热强迫在热源范围内的近地层和中高层分别激发出气旋式和反气旋式环流,气旋中心位于加热中心略偏西的位置。在非静止大气中,牛顿冷却项使地面系统中心向上风方向移动,东风时向东移。牛顿冷却对高、低层系统均有削弱作用。地面摩擦则明显不同,它总会使低层系统减弱,高层系统增强。     

气候变暖前后我国热度日和冷度日的特征分析

基于全国1960—2011年气象台站的逐日资料,运用度日分析法、Mann-Kendall检验法研究了气候变暖前后我国热度日(HDD)、冷度日(CDD)的变化情况。结果表明,我国北方及高原地区冬季气温在1987年前后发生突变,气候变暖后HDD有所下降;我国南方夏季气温在1997年前后发生突变,气候变暖后CDD有所上升。利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和环流指数资料进一步分析气候变暖前后的环流场特征,发现冬季AO指数与我国东北、华北、新疆西藏部分地区HDD具有显著的负相关关系,AO指数偏强(弱)时,强冷空气活动减少(增加),HDD减小(增大);夏季西太平洋副高面积指数与我国南方地区CDD具有显著的正相关关系,副高面积指数偏强(弱)时,晴热高温天气增加(减少),CDD增大(减小)。     

逍遥村水源地岩溶水系统与孔隙水系统关系浅析

概述了逍遥村水源地的自然地理、水文地质概况和逍遥河岩溶子系统的边界条件及主要含水系统。论证了岩溶水和孔隙水在子系统内没有水力联系。     

Effects of direct and indirect heating on the validity of rock weathering simulation studies and durability tests

Rock surface and subsurface temperature responses in samples exposed to direct heating (insolation) under natural hot desert conditions reveal considerable variability between lithologies related to differences in thermal properties, especially albedo and thermal conductivity. However, when the same samples are heated indirectly by air in an oven-based environmental cabinet, lithological differences in temperature response disappear and all samples attain temperatures similar to the air temperature within the cabinet. Rates and patterns of rock decay produced in such environmental cabinets may not, therefore, reflect those encountered under natural conditions, where breakdown is related to micro-environmental conditions at the rock/air interface and where rock temperature is one of the most important controlling factors. In addition to implications for assessment of weathering effectiveness, use of only indirect forms of heating affects the determination of comparative rock durability because all rock types are cycled through the same temperature regimes. Because temperature exerts such a major control on rock breakdown through its control on physical and chemical weathering processes, all significant factors influencing it must be included in the design of weathering simulations and durability tests.     

Spatial structure of auroral day-time ionospheric electron density irregularities generated by a powerful HF-wave

We describe an experiment in satellite radio-wave probing of the ionosphere, modified by powerful waves from the HF heating facility at Tromsø (Norway) in May 1995. Amplitude scintillations and variations of the phase of VHF signals from Russian navigational satellites passing over the heated region were observed. We show that both large-scale electron density irregularities (several tens of kilometers in size) and small-scale ones (from hundreds of meters to kilometers) can be generated by the HF radiation. Maximum effects caused by small-scale irregularities detected in the satellite signals are observed in the directions sector approximately parallel to the geomagnetic field lines although large-scale structures can be detected within a much larger area. The properties of small-scale irregularities (electron density fluctuations) are investigated by applying a statistical analysis and by studying experimental and model mean values of the logarithm of the relative amplitude of the signal. The results indicate that satellite radio probing can be a supporting diagnostic technique for ionospheric heating and add valuable information to studies of effects produced by HF modification.     

对1991年全球越赤道气流的分析和数值模拟

利用1991年国家气象中心全年分析资料,对全球各层（50～1000 hPa）越赤道气流（CEF）进行了分析。指出:主要季风区和1979年的相同,但在南美北部为弱季风区,而1979年为信风区。除南美北部外,主要信风区与1979年相同。还比较了这两类地区的特点,特别是非绝热加热分布随季节变化的特点,还用T21L5模式进行了数值模拟。结果表明:考虑地形和加热的方案最优,除个别情况外,CEF与实况很接近; 单纯加热方案次之,能定性地模拟CEF沿赤道的分布,但强度相差较大; 单纯地形方案最差。为了进行解释,还作了简单情况的理论分析。分析显示:考虑加热和地形作用,并不等于单纯地形和单纯加热的叠加,其间有非线性作用; 而且,这种非线性作用对CEF的产生是直接的、重要的; 单纯加热只有通过其对地面气压场的影响才能产生CEF。