层次分析法在单沟泥石流危险度评价中的应用

单沟泥石流危险度评价是泥石流危险性评价中的重要内容,对实现山区的安全减灾有着重要意义。文章从系统理论出发,运用层次分析法(AHP)对影响泥石流沟谷危险度的相关因子进行分析,构建单沟泥石流危险度评价的层次指标系统,并对各参与评价因子的权重作了计算,建立起单沟泥石流危险度评价模型。通过对泥石流沟的实例验证,评价结果与实际情况有较好的一致性。该方法将定量与定性相结合,能很好地解决泥石流危险度综合评价问题,对提高泥石流危险度评价的可靠性、准确性及客观性有一定的实践意义。     

Gully Initiation and Implications for Management of Scour Holes in the Vicinity of the Jabiluka Mine, Northern Territory, Australia

A track across a burnt grass swale was used intensively on the Jabiluka Mineral Lease (located adjacent to Kakadu National Park in the seasonally wet tropics of the Northern Territory, Australia) for a short time period during the 1998 dry season. Repeated vehicle passes over the burnt grass increased soil bulk density and locally disrupted the root and algal mat, lowering the critical shear stress for sediment transport. Overland flow during the next wet season was above average and eroded eleven discontinuous, flow‐aligned scour holes in the wheel ruts where the track crossed grassed sandy swales. Although the site was burnt again during the next dry season, the scour holes did not coalesce during the second wet season, which was wetter than the previous one, because infrequent traffic bypassed the eroded section allowing grass to re‐establish. Scour holes on vehicle tracks in the Kakadu region are an intermediate but reversible stage in the development of gullies in grassed swales. Treatment of scour holes by soil conservation works may prevent gully formation.     

RILL INITIATION AND EROSION ON HILLSLOPES IN THE HILLY LOESS REGION,WESTERN SHANXI PROVINCE

I. INTRODUCTIONSumming up recent research achievements, Huang (1993) pointed out that the capaciucs ordetachment and transport by rill now were much greater than tboso by rain drop impact and sheet now. soil erosion by water on upper slope area is frcquenhy discussed interms of interrill and rill erosional sub--processes. Compared with rill erosion, interrlll erosion contributes a very small proportion to the sediment transported downwards (Foster,1982). Field experiments conducted by Ca…     

模糊数学和权的最小平方法在西藏波密县白龙沟泥石流易发性评价中的应用

2016年10月11日在西藏波密县白龙沟地区发生一次大型泥石流灾害,经济损失严重,对居民生命财产造成了巨大威胁,有必要对该区进行泥石流灾害的易发性评价。基于白龙沟泥石流的流域特征和形成条件,共选取18个评价因子,采用模糊数学和权的最小平方法进行泥石流易发性评价研究。结果表明,白龙沟泥石流处于易发的状态,评价结果与实地调查结果比较吻合。     

Trace-element geochemistry of transform-fault serpentinite in high-pressure subduction mélanges (eastern Cuba): implications for subduction initiation

The Sierra del Convento and La Corea mélanges (eastern Cuba) are vestiges of a Cretaceous subduction channel in the Caribbean realm. Both mélanges contain blocks of oceanic crust and serpentinite subducted to high pressure within a serpentinite matrix. The bulk composition of serpentinite indicates spinel-harzburgite and -herzolite protoliths. The samples preserve fertile protolith signatures that suggest low melting degrees. High concentration of immobile elements Zr, Th, Nb, and REE contents (from ~0.1 to ~2 CI-chondrite) point to early melt–rock interaction processes before serpentinization took place. Major- and trace-element compositions suggest an oceanic fracture-zone–transform-fault setting. A mild negative Eu anomaly in most samples indicates low-temperature fluid–rock interaction as a likely consequence of seawater infiltration during oceanic serpentinization. A second, more important, serpentinization stage is related to enrichment in U, Pb, Cs, Ba, and Sr due to the infiltration of slab-derived fluids. The mineral assemblages are mainly formed by antigorite, lizardite, and chlorite, with local minor talc, tremolite, anthophyllite, dolomite, brucite, and relict orthopyroxene. The local presence of anthophyllite and the replacements of lizardite by antigorite indicate a metamorphic evolution from the cooling of peridotite/serpentinite at the oceanic context to mild heating and compression in a subduction setting. We propose that serpentinites formed at an oceanic transform-fault setting that was the locus of subduction initiation of the Proto-Caribbean basin below the Caribbean plate during early Cretaceous times. Onset of subduction at the fracture zone allowed the preservation of abyssal transform-fault serpentinites at the upper plate, whereas limited downward drag during mature subduction placed the rocks in the subduction channel where they tectonically mixed with the upward-migrating accreted block of the subducted Proto-Caribbean oceanic crust. Hence, we suggest that relatively fertile serpentinites of high-pressure mélanges were witness to the onset of subduction at an oceanic transform-fault setting.     

Subduction initiation and ophiolite crust: new insights from IODP drilling

International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 352 recovered a high-fidelity record of volcanism related to subduction initiation in the Bonin fore-arc. Two sites (U1440 and U1441) located in deep water nearer to the trench recovered basalts and related rocks; two sites (U1439 and U1442) located in shallower water further from the trench recovered boninites and related rocks. Drilling in both areas ended in dolerites inferred to be sheeted intrusive rocks. The basalts apparently erupted immediately after subduction initiation and have compositions similar to those of the most depleted basalts generated by rapid sea-floor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, with little or no slab input. Subsequent melting to generate boninites involved more depleted mantle and hotter and deeper subducted components as subduction progressed and volcanism migrated away from the trench. This volcanic sequence is akin to that recorded by many ophiolites, supporting a direct link between subduction initiation, fore-arc spreading, and ophiolite genesis.     

西秦岭商丹缝合带寒武纪斜长花岗岩的成因机制——对原特提斯洋俯冲起始的启示

大洋斜长花岗岩是指分布在蛇绿岩或现今洋壳中的少量长英质侵入体,可形成在洋中脊及俯冲带等多种构造环境,虽然其在洋壳和蛇绿岩中所在体积很小,但对探究大洋岩石圈演化、俯冲起始及洋-陆转化机制具有重要意义。本文对北秦岭造山带西段商丹缝合带内新识别出的斜长花岗岩开展了岩石学、地球化学和锆石U-Pb年代学的综合研究。全岩地球化学结果指示花岗闪长岩具有高的SiO₂、Al₂O₃含量以及较低的K₂O、TiO₂含量,属于低钾亚碱性、准铝质到弱过铝质的岩石。微量元素相对富Sr、贫Nb、Ta和Ti,具有平坦的稀土元素配分模式,是弧前环境中由俯冲板片在浅部层次部分熔融成因的大洋斜长花岗岩。3个斜长花岗岩样品分别记录了526±4 Ma、515±4 Ma和517±6 Ma的锆石U-Pb年龄,结合前人同时代的玻安岩、高镁安山岩的报道,西秦岭商丹缝合带保留有与伊豆-小笠原-马里亚纳(IBM)俯冲带相似的弧前岩石组合,这些弧前的玻安岩、高镁安山岩和斜长花岗岩表明商丹洋在早寒武世发生了洋壳的初始俯冲。结合区域地质资...     

基于PFC2D数值模拟的交替压裂中应力阴影效应研究

为了探究应力阴影效应对交替压裂中压裂间距选取的影响,基于优化后的颗粒流离散元流固耦合计算模型,模拟并分析了双初始水力裂缝下因应力阴影效应产生的诱导应力的分布情况,并与理论解析解进行对比,证明了该数值方法的合理性。在此基础上,分析了应力阴影效应在不同各向异性地应力场及初始压裂间距条件下对新水力裂缝的起裂压力及扩展形态的影响,研究结果表明：初始各向异性应力场不改变裂缝周边的应力场,不影响新水力裂缝的起裂压力;随着初始压裂间距的减小,应力阴影效应增强,新水力裂缝的起裂压力逐渐增加。初始水力裂缝间距与初始各向异性应力场共同影响新水力裂缝的扩展形态,随着初始水力裂缝间距或初始水平地应力场差异系数的增大,应力阴影对新水力裂缝的扩展方向的影响逐步减弱;初始水力裂缝对新水力裂缝的扩展有一定的限制作用,在一定程度上不利于形成复杂的裂缝网络。根据以上分析结果,对交替压裂中压裂间距的优化进行了定性的探讨。     

Testing the Ephemeral Gully Erosion Model (EGEM) for two Mediterranean environments

Few models can predict ephemeral gully erosion rates (e.g. CREAMS, EGEM). The Ephemeral Gully Erosion Model (EGEM) was specifically developed to predict soil loss by ephemeral gully erosion. Although EGEM claims to have a great potential in predicting soil losses by ephemeral gully erosion, it has never been thoroughly tested. The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of EGEM for predicting ephemeral gully erosion rates in Mediterranean environments. An EGEM‐input data set for 86 ephemeral gullies was collected: detailed measurements of 46 ephemeral gullies were made in intensively cultivated land in southeast Spain (Guadalentin study area) and another 40 ephemeral gullies were measured in both intensively cultivated land and abandoned land in southeast Portugal (Alentejo study area). Together with the assessment of all EGEM‐input parameters, the actual eroded volume for each ephemeral gully was also determined in the field. A very good relationship between predicted and measured ephemeral gully volumes was found (R² = 0·88). But as ephemeral gully length is an EGEM input parameter, both predicted and measured ephemeral gully volumes have to be divided by this ephemeral gully length in order to test the predictive capability of EGEM. The resulting relationship between predicted and measured ephemeral gully cross‐sections is rather weak (R² = 0·27). Therefore it can be concluded that EGEM is not capable of predicting ephemeral gully erosion for the given Mediterranean areas. A second conclusion is that ephemeral gully length is a key parameter in determining the ephemeral gully volume. Regression analysis shows that a very significant relation between ephemeral gully length and ephemeral gully volume exists (R² = 0·91). Accurate prediction of ephemeral gully length is therefore crucial for assessing ephemeral gully erosion rates. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimation of temporally averaged sediment delivery ratio using aggradational terraces in headwater catchments of the Waipaoa River,North Island,New Zealand

The sediment delivery ratio was estimated for two periods (28 years and eight years) following reforestation of seven tributary catchments (0·33 to 0·49 km²) in the headwaters of the Waipaoa River basin, North Island, New Zealand. In these catchments, gully erosion, which largely resulted from clearance of the natural forest between 1880 and 1920, is the main source of sediment to streams. Reforestation commenced in the early 1960s in an attempt to stabilize hillslopes and reduce sediment supply. Efforts have been partially successful and channels are now degrading, though gully erosion continues to supply sediment at accelerated rates in parts of the catchment. Data from the area indicate that the sediment delivery ratio (SDR) can be estimated as a function of two variables, ψ (the product of catchment area and channel slope) and A _g (the temporally averaged gully area for the period). Sediment input from gullies was determined from a well defined relationship between sediment yield and gully area. Sediment scoured from channels was estimated from dated terrace remnants and the current channel bed. Terrace remnants represent aggradation during major floods. This technique provides estimates of SDR averaged over periods between large magnitude terrace‐forming events and with the present channel bed. The technique averages out short‐term variability in sediment flux. Comparison of gully area and sediment transport between two periods (1960–1988 and 1988–1996) indicates that the annual rate of sediment yield from gullies for the later period has decreased by 77 per cent, sediment scouring in channels has increased by 124 per cent, and sediment delivered from catchments has decreased by 78 per cent. However, average SDR for the tributaries was found to be not significantly different between these periods. This may reflect the small number of catchments examined. It is also due to the fact that the volume of sediment scoured from channels was very small relative to that produced by gullies. According to the equation for SDR determined for the Waipaoa headwaters, SDR increases with increasing catchment area in the case where A _g and channel slope are fixed. This is because the amount of sediment produced from a channel by scouring increases with increasing catchment area. However, this relationship does not hold for the main stem of the study catchments, because sediment delivered from its tributaries still continues to accumulate in the channel. Higher order channels are, in effect, at a different stage in the aggradation/degradation cycle and it will take some time until a main channel reflects the effects of reforestation and its bed adjusts to net degradation. Results demonstrate significant differences among even low order catchments, and such differences will need to be taken into consideration when using SDR to estimate sediment yields. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.