Ni-Cr系与Mn系低合金钢耐点蚀性能的比较

通过极化试验与模拟闭塞腐蚀电池试验对常用的两类低合金船体结构钢耐蚀性能做了比较，并结合实船使用情况对两类钢的耐蚀性能做了较全面的评价。结果表明，Ni-Cr系钢的点蚀诱发敏感性低于Mn系钢；在模拟长期挂片时Ni-Cr钢的点蚀扩展速率反比№钢大，而实船使用情况是Ni-Cr系钢的耐蚀性能远比Mn系钢好。     

Bidirectional DEM relief shading method for extraction of gully shoulder line in loess tableland area

The gully shoulder line, one of the most important topographical features, reveals the erosional process and reflects the geomorphological evolution of a loess area. Existing shoulder-line extraction methods are based on local window-filter or image-edge detection, which are sensitive to image noises and algorithm parameters, causing unsatisfactory accuracy and efficiency. This paper proposes a bidirectional relief-shading (BRS) method for loess shoulder-line extraction based on a 5-m Digital Elevation Model (DEM). First, two hill-shaded images are simulated with appropriate altitude and symmetric direction of the light. Second, the grey value difference between inter-gully and inner-gully area can be easily identified by fusing the two images with the mean method. Finally, the shoulder line can be derived by image segmentation using a threshold determined by an empirical equation. Experiments in three areas of loess tableland in Shaanxi Province validated the method, which has the advantages of being a simple operation with relatively high accuracy, 89.7% compared with manual digitalization, and high efficiency. We discuss three parameters in this method: zenith angle, azimuth angle, and segment threshold. Results suggest that the method is applicable for broad-scale gully shoulder line extraction in loess tablelands.     

Morphometric analysis of sediment conduits on a bathymetric high: Implications for palaeoenvironment and hydrocarbon prospectivity

Canyons and other sediment conduits are important components of the deep‐water environment and are the main pathways for sediment transport from the shelf to the basin floor. Using 3‐D and 2‐D seismic reflection data, seismic facies and statistical morphometric analyses, this study showed the architectural evolution of five canyons, two slide scars and four gullies on the southern part of the Loppa High, Barents Sea. Morphometric parameters such as thalweg depth (lowest point on a conduit's base), wall depth (middle point), height, width and base width, sinuosity, thalweg gradient, aspect ratio (width/height) and cross‐sectional area of the conduits were measured at intervals of 250‐m perpendicular to the conduits’ pathways. Our results show that the canyons and slide scars in the study area widen down slope, whereas the gullies are narrow and short with uniform widths. The sediment conduits in the study area evolved in three stages. The first stage is correlated with a time when erosion and bypass were dominant in the conduits, and sediment transferred to the basin in the south. The second stage occurred when basin subsidence was prevalent, and a widespread fine‐grained sequence was deposited as a drape blanketing the canyons and other conduits. A final stage occurred when uplift and glacial erosion configured the entire southern Loppa High into an area of denudation. Our work demonstrates that the morphometric parameters of the canyons, slide scars and gullies generally have increasing linear trends with down‐slope distance, irrespective of their geometries. The morphometric analysis of the sediment conduits in the study area has wider applications for understanding depositional processes, reservoir distribution and petroleum prospectivity in frontier basins.     

农户对气候变化适应行为的有效性评价

气候变化对以自然资源为生计基础的农业人口的影响非常显著,更好地理解农户对适应行为的有效性评价对于制定合适的适应政策、提高农民适应气候变化的能力非常重要。利用陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区农户调查样本数据,分析农户适应行为有效性感知特征,并结合调查地2000—2014年的统计年鉴数据中常用耕地面积和粮食产量指标,从客观层面验证适应行为的效果,最后运用多元线性回归分为3个模型辨识影响农户对适应行为有效性评价的显著因素。结果表明:(1)具有高适应效能感知的适应行为大部分被受访农户使用;2000—2014年研究区的粮食产量在波动中上升,说明适应行为有一定的实际效果;(2)影响农户对适应行为有效性评价的显著因素包括农户属性中的非农业收入、农业收入、种植规模、性别、看电视和赶集的频率,农户对气候变化的感知中的本地自然灾害变化、气候变化导致作物播种时间、收获时间、作物产量变化和病虫害,2005—2015年的降水等。     

Convective initiation by topographically induced convergence forcing over the Dabie Mountains on 24 June 2010

The initiation of convective cells in the late morning of 24 June 2010 along the eastward extending ridge of the Dabie Mountains in the Anhui region,China,is studied through numerical simulations that include local data assimilation.A primary convergence line is found over the ridge of the Dabie Mountains,and along the ridge line several locally enhanced convergence centers preferentially initiate convection.Three processes responsible for creating the overall convergence pattern are identified.First,thermally-driven upslope winds induce convergence zones over the main mountain peaks along the ridge,which are shifted slightly downwind in location by the moderate low-level easterly flow found on the north side of a Mei-yu front.Second,flows around the main mountain peaks along the ridge create further convergence on the lee side of the peaks.Third,upslope winds develop along the roughly north–south oriented valleys on both sides of the ridge due to thermal and dynamic channeling effects,and create additional convergence between the peaks along the ridge.The superposition of the above convergence features creates the primary convergence line along the ridge line of the Dabie Mountains.Locally enhanced convergence centers on the primary line cause the initiation of the first convection cells along the ridge.These conclusions are supported by two sensitivity experiments in which the environmental wind(dynamic forcing) or radiative and land surface thermal forcing are removed,respectively.Overall,the thermal forcing effects are stronger than dynamic forcing given the relatively weak environmental flow.     

黄土区沟谷发育与气候变化的关系(以洛川黄土塬区为例)

黄土区沟谷侵蚀与气候变化有密切关系。黄土是干冷气候环境中堆积的地质体,只有在干冷时期才是稳定的。气候变湿润时黄土区发生冲沟侵蚀。洛川黄土塬区20万年以来至少出现过五次明显的侵蚀时期,该区河流的侵蚀与堆积过程恰好和冲沟发育过程相反,但两者在时间上可以较好地对比。     

Influences of different surveying and mapping methods on fractal characteristics of gully-head shoulder lines

Abstract

Accurate quantification of gully shoulder lines (gully borderlines) will help better understand gully formation and evolution. Surveying and mapping are the most important ways to obtain precise morphology. To evaluate the influences of different steps of surveying and of curve-fitting methods of mapping on the morphology of the shoulder line characterized by fractal dimensions, 13 shoulder lines at gully heads were surveyed using a total station and then mapped with different methods of curve fitting, with the fractal dimensions calculated by maps compared with those measured in the field. Fractal dimensions by field measurement ranged from 1.185 to 1.456. Compared with field measurements, the average absolute errors of polygonal line, quadratic B-spline, and arc-fitting methods are 0.045, 0.040, and 0.046, respectively; the average relative errors are 3.48, 3.13, and 3.59%. Therefore, the quadratic B-spline method has a higher accuracy. The standard error of the fractal dimension tends to be larger as average step length increases. The error is ~5% when the step length is 0.7 m, which is advisable for field surveying. This study will help promote the efficiency of field surveying and mapping, and thus promote the accuracy and credibility of gully morphology.     

Use of terrain variables for mapping gully erosion susceptibility in Lebanon

This paper predicts the geographic distribution and size of gullies across central Lebanon using a geographic information system (GIS) and terrain analysis. Eleven primary (elevation; upslope contributing area; aspect; slope; plan, profile and tangential curvature; flow direction; flow width; flow path length; rate of change of specific catchment area along the direction of flow) and three secondary (steady‐state; quasi‐dynamic topographic wetness; sediment transport capacity) topographic variables were generated and used along with digital data collected from other sources (soil, geology) to statistically explain gully erosion field measurements. Three tree‐based regression models were developed using (1) all variables, (2) primary topographic variables only and (3) different pairs of variables. The best regression tree model combined the steady‐state topographic wetness and sediment transport capacity indices and explained 80% of the variability in field gully measurements. This model proved to be simple, quick, realistic and practical, and it can be applied to other areas of the Mediterranean region with similar environmental conditions, thereby providing a tool to help with the implementation of plans for soil conservation and sustainable management. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

天津市地质灾害-气象预报预警方法探讨

天津市蓟县山区面积727km2,以中低山和低山丘陵地貌形态为主,在强降雨和持续降雨条件下发生泥石流、滑坡等地质灾害的可能性客观存在。历史上地质灾害已给当地造成了一定的人员伤亡及财产损失。为了加强突发性地质灾害预防工作,提高人民群众的防灾意识,天津市2004年开始开展地质灾害-气象预报预警工作,取得了一定的效果。针对天津市山区面积较小、地质灾害事件较少的特点,目前常用的地貌分析———临界降雨量模型判据法具有一定的局限性,预报成功率较低。在区域性地质灾害-气象预报预警工作的基础上,开展单点泥石流灾害气象预报预警工作非常必要。对容易发生泥石流灾害的主要沟谷,通过现场调查可以获取沟谷的形态特征参数(沟谷的高差、纵坡的坡度、沟长、流域面积等)。以临界降雨量为变量因子,对每个监测沟谷建立泥石流灾害气象预警预报模型,可以很大程度提高预报的针对性。模型需要在实践中不断检验和完善,逐步提高预报的准确率。