四川省北川县赵家沟地震次生泥石流形成条件分析

赵家沟位于北川县擂鼓镇坪上村西北侧,属汶川地震极重灾区,在地震发生前为一般性清水沟或洪水沟。由于地震的影响,流域内发育了多处滑坡和崩塌,斜坡上和沟道中堆积了大量松散固体物质。在2008年9月24日暴雨的作用下,赵家沟流域发生了百年不遇的泥石流灾害,成为地震次生泥石流沟。通过现场实地调查和室内分析,对地震次生泥石流灾害形成的地质地貌条件、物源条件和水源条件进行了分析。表明地震次生泥石流灾害的发生频率和规模有可能加大,其危险性由于松散固体物质的增大而上升,这是地震次生泥石流灾害显著的特征。     

MODELING EPHEMERAL GULLY EROSION FOR CONSERVATION PLANNING

1INTRODUCTIONEphemeral gully erosion,which is caused by concentrated flow within cultivated farm fields,is distinct from rill erosion.Ephemeral gully erosion is also distinct from gully erosion in permanent,deep,incised channels,formed by headcuts moving upstream.Ephemeral gully erosion is often overlooked.It is not estimated with rill-interrill erosion prediction technology such as the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(Renard et al.,1997),and it is often not measured in field survey…     

强震区泥石流启动机制

地震区的泥石流物源主要来源于滑坡、崩塌等松散体,具有结构疏松,密实度低,堆积时间短等特点,与非地震环境中的滑坡、崩塌堆积体的结构有所不同,堆积体的物理力学性质发生了改变,堆积体转换为泥石流所需的外界条件也相应的改变。以汶川地震区都江堰市龙池镇典型泥石流灾害为例,分析了地震滑坡、崩塌松散体的堆积形态和堆积体的应力环境。从静力学和动力学角度分析堆积体在强降雨条件下的起动特征,探讨了降雨作用形成的地表径流水深与堆积体失稳时的应力极限状态的关系。分析得出沟道岸坡滑坡堆积体发生侵蚀时的地表径流力为F=(τ1f-f1sinα)/cos(α-26.65),并建立径流水深与地表径流力的关系:H=F/4ρsgJ。分析在动量守恒条件下,堆积体单位时间内的侵蚀体积dV=dM/γs模型。为了进一步探讨在实际现场的应用,以汶川地震区都江堰市的水打沟泥石流为例,分析发生泥石流时的地表径流水深为0.011 m,其结论与实际调查结果基本一致。     

A Quick Method for Estimating the Propagation Direction of Coronal Mass Ejections Using STEREO-COR1 Images

We describe here a method to obtain the position of a coronal moving feature in a three-dimensional coordinate system based on height – time measurements applied to STEREO data. By using the height – time diagrams from the two SECCHI-COR1 coronagraphs onboard STEREO, one can easily determine the direction of propagation of a coronal mass ejection (i.e., if the moving plasma is oriented toward or away from the Earth). This method may prove to be a useful tool for space weather forecasting by easily identifying the direction of propagation as well as the real speed of the coronal mass ejections.     

Impact of gully incision on hillslope hydrology

The Southern U.S. Piedmont ranging from Virginia to Georgia underwent severe gully erosion over a century of farming mainly for cotton (1800s–1930s). Although tree succession blanketed much of this region by the middle 20th century, gully erosion still occurs, especially during wet seasons. While many studies on gully erosion have focused on soil loss, soil carbon exchange, and stormwater response, the impacts on soil moisture, groundwater, and transpiration remain under-studied. Using a newly developed 2D hydrologic model, this study analyzes the impacts of gully erosion on hillslope hydrologic states and fluxes. Results indicate that increases in gully incision lead to reduction in groundwater table, root zone soil moisture, and transpiration. These reductions show seasonal variations, but the season when the reduction is maximum differs among the hydrologic variables. Spatially, the impacts are generally the greatest near the toe of the hillslope and reduce further away from it, although the reductions are sometimes non-monotonic. Overall, the impacts are larger for shallow gully depths and diminish as the incision goes deeper. Lastly, the extent of impacts on a heterogeneous hillslope is found to be very different with respect to a homogeneous surrogate made of dominant soil properties. These results show that through gully erosion, the landscape not only loses soil but also a large amount of water from the subsurface. The magnitude of water loss is, however, dependent on hydrogeologic and topographic configuration of the hillslope. The results will facilitate (a) mapping of relative susceptibility of landscapes to gullying, (b) understanding of the impacts of stream manipulations such as due to dredging on hillslope eco-hydrology, (c) prioritization of mitigation measures to prevent gullying, and (d) design of observation campaigns to assess the impacts of gullying on hydrologic response.     

汶川震区文家沟泥石流成灾机理与特征

文家沟位于绵竹市清平乡,属于5·12汶川Ms8.0级地震极重灾区.地震发生后的3个汛期内,文家沟曾先后发生5次典型泥石流灾害,其中以2010年8月13日泥石流灾害最为严重,规模与灾情巨大,社会影响深远.在对文家沟泥石流跟踪调查的基础上,探讨了泥石流的成灾机理和特征.研究表明:(1)文家沟泥石流是地震和强降雨共同作用的结...     

中国泥石流起动物理模拟试验研究进展

为进一步提高泥石流起动物理模拟试验的科学性,完善试验体系,采用资料收集与分析方法,总结了近年来中国泥石流起动物理模拟试验开展的现状,从水流冲刷与泥石流起动试验以及人工降雨与泥石流起动试验两个方面论述了中国泥石流起动试验取得的主要进展和理论成果。在国内外泥石流起动物理模拟试验对照基础上,提出中国泥石流起动物理模拟试验研究的建议:提高水流浓度、降雨雨型与土体特征的相似率;加强降雨或水流作用下土体物理力学特征变化与泥石流起动响应研究;推动降雨与汇流共同作用下泥石流起动综合性物理模拟试验的开展。     

四川松潘水沟墩沟泥石流成因和动力学特征及其对铁路工程的影响评价

泥石流是山区常见的地质灾害之一,具有运动快速、暴发突然、能量巨大等特点。本文根据现场调查。分析了水沟墩沟泥石流形成条件、流域特征,计算了泥石流的容重、流速、流量、冲出量、淤积厚度等动力学参数,并对其危险性做了定量评价．总结了水沟墩沟泥石流对铁路工程危害模式“先冲-又淤-再冲”。提出了对水沟墩沟泥石流采用相关的减灾防灾措施,供铁路部门制定相应的泥石流防止对策,有益于对成兰铁路线的长远安全运行和服务提供科学保障。     

Numerical Study on the Initiation of the Severe Convective Weather in Chongqing on 6 May 2010

As a follow-up of a previously published article on the synoptic background of the development of the severe convective weather that happened in Chongqing on 6 May 2010, this study further examines the initiation of the severe convective weather via a better high-resolution simulation with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. It is found that the cold front approaching Chongqing from the northwest played a critical role in the initiation of the severe convective weather. As the cold front approached Chongqing, the low-to-mid level updrafts ahead of the front acted to increase the atmospheric lapse rate via the stretching effect, which in combination with the low-level diabatic heating induced by the sensible heat fluxes and infrared radiation emitted from the ground surface led to the continuous decrease of the low-level static stability and the increase of the convective available potential energy (CAPE) in Chongqing area. This provided necessary unstable energy for the development of deep moist convection. Furthermore, along with the reaching of a nearly east-west-oriented mesoscale convergence line from the southeast of Chongqing, the outflow right above the cold front began to interact with that above the mesoscale convergence line and induced distinct convergence at the altitude of approximately 1-2 km in the triangular area sandwiched by the cold front and the mesoscale convergence line. It is found that the updrafts associated with this convergence provided lifting necessary for the initiation of the severe convection. The sensitivity experiment without the terrain west of Chongqing indicates that the local topography did not play an important role in the initiation of this severe convective weather.     

Kinematic modelling of shear band localization using discrete finite elements

Modelling shear band is an important problem in analysing failure of earth structures in soil mechanics. Shear banding is the result of localization of deformation in soil masses. Most finite element schemes are unable to model discrete shear band formation and propagation due to the difficulties in modelling strain and displacement discontinuities. In this paper, a framework to generate shear band elements automatically and continuously is developed. The propagating shear band is modelled using discrete shear band elements by splitting the original finite element mesh. The location or orientation of the shear band is not predetermined in the original finite element mesh. Based on the elasto‐perfect plasticity with an associated flow rule, empirical bifurcation and location criteria are proposed which make band propagation as realistic as possible. Using the Mohr–Coulomb material model, various results from numerical simulations of biaxial tests and passive earth pressure problems have shown that the proposed framework is able to display actual patterns of shear banding in geomaterials. In the numerical examples, the occurrence of multiple shear bands in biaxial test and in the passive earth pressure problem is confirmed by field and laboratory observations. The effects of mesh density and mesh alignment on the shear band patterns and limit loads are also investigated. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.