黄土高原沟壑区苹果基地退果还耕的生态水分效应

近年来,黄土高原沟壑区许多果园已经退化,需要重新退果还耕,但其生态水分效应尚不明了。以陕西长武县王东沟小流域典型果园为对象,选取了盛果期果园、退化果园和退果还耕等3种土地利用方式,分析1986、2002和2009年三期土壤水分数据,研究退化果园还耕的生态水分效应。结果表明:退化果园和退果还耕地的平均含水量和土壤储水量显著高于同期的盛果期果园。果园退化后废弃和退果还耕,土壤水分会得到部分恢复。当土地利用从盛果期果园变化为耕地后,在200~600cm土层,其土壤平均含水量(10.62%)显著高于盛果期果园(8.53%)。生物利用型土壤干层仍然是盛果期果园、退化果园和退果还耕地尚待急需解决的严重的生态问题。     

泥石流启动过程PFC数值模拟

泥石流松散碎屑物质具有散粒体的基本特征,在暴雨激发下容易形成泥石流,整个过程具有散粒体大变形的特征。颗粒流理论是基于离散单元法模拟圆形颗粒介质的运动及其相互作用,在模拟颗粒相互作用和大变形问题研究方面具有显著的优越性。为分析泥石流松散碎屑物质启动形成泥石流的过程及其与土体含水率的关系,采用二维颗粒流程序（PFC2D）分析降雨作用下松散碎屑物质启动形成泥石流的过程,揭示崩滑堆积体在降雨作用下含水率超过临界值后质点运动速度和位移增加,松散碎屑物质启动并加速而导致滑坡泥石流连锁式破坏的过程和机制。     

The effect of conservation tillage on runoff erosivity and soil erodibility during concentrated flow

Crop residues in conservation tillage systems are known to cause both a reduction in the erosive runoff power and an increase in the topsoil erosion resistance. In this study, the relative importance of both mechanisms in reducing soil loss by concentrated flow erosion is examined. Therefore, a method to calculate the effective flow shear stress responsible for soil detachment in the presence of a residue cover is applied. The determination of effective flow shear stress is based on the recalculation of the hydraulic radius for residue treatments. The method was tested in a laboratory flume by comparing soil detachment rates of identical pairs of soil samples that only differ in the presence or absence of crop residues. This shear stress partitioning approach and a soil detachment correction were then applied to a dataset of soil detachment measurements on undisturbed topsoil samples from a no‐till field plot on a loess‐derived soil, sampled during one growing season. Results indicate that only a small fraction (10% on average) of the difference in soil detachment rate between conventional and conservation tillage can be attributed to the dissipation of shear forces on the residues. The remaining decrease in soil detachment during concentrated runoff after a two‐year application of conservation tillage can be explained by the increased dry bulk density and root and crop residue content in the topsoil that reduces soil erodibility. After correcting for the presence of residues, the temporal variability in soil detachment rates (D_r) during concentrated flow for a given flow shear stress (τ) for both treatments can be predicted fairly well (R² = 0·87) from dry soil bulk density (DBD, representing consolidation effects), soil moisture content (SMC, representing antecedent rainfall conditions), the dry mass of organic material (OM, representing root growth and residue decomposition) and saturated soil shear strength σ_{s, sat} using an equation of the form: This study is the first to show that the effect of conservation tillage on soil detachment rates is a result of soil property modifications affecting soil erodibility, rather than a result of the surface residue decreasing flow erosivity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Intersecting views of gully erosion in South Africa

Gully erosion is an environmental problem recognized as one of the worst land degradation processes worldwide. Insight into regional gully perturbations is required to combat the serious on- and off-site impacts of gullying on a catchment management scale. In response, we intersect different perspectives on gully erosion-specific views in South Africa (SA), a country that exhibits various physiographic properties and spans 1.22 million km². While the debate surrounding gully origin continues, there is consensus that anthropogenic activities are a major contemporary driver. The anthropogenic impact caused gullying to transcend climatic, geomorphic, and land-use boundaries, although it becomes more prominent in central to eastern SA. Soil erodibility plays a crucial role in what extent of gully erosion severity is attained from human impact, contributing to the east–west imbalance of erosion in SA. Soil erosion rates from gullying and badlands are limited but suggest that it ranges between 30 and 123 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the more prominent areas. These soil loss rates are comparable to global rates where gullying is concerned; moreover, they are up to four orders of magnitude higher than the estimated baseline erosion rate. On a national scale, the complexity of gullying is evident from the different temporal timings of (re)activation or stabilizing and different evolution rates. Continued efforts are required to understand the intricate interplay of human activities, climate, and preconditions determining soil erodibility. In SA, more medium- to long-term studies are required to understand better how changing control factors affect gully evolution. More research is needed to implement and appraise mitigation measures, especially using indigenous knowledge. Establishing (semi)-automated mapping procedures would aid in gully monitoring and assessing the effectiveness of implemented mitigation measures. More urgently, the expected changes in climate and land-use necessitate further research on how environmental change affects short-term gully erosion dynamics.     

Life cycle of intraseasonal oscillation of summer SST in the western South China Sea

Intraseasonal oscillation (ISO, times-cales of 30~90 d) of summer sea surface temperature (SST) in the western South China Sea is studied using harmonic and empirical orthogonal function analyses of microwave observations by the tropical rainfall measuring mission satellite. Each summer from May to September, two or three ISO events occur off South Vietnam, with a typical period of approximately 50 d. The life cycle of these events from the initiation to decay of SST anomalies is described.     

Dynamic evolution and the mechanism of modern gully agriculture regional function in the Loess Plateau

The agricultural regional type and function are the key theoretical issues in agricultural geography research. Gully agriculture in the Loess Plateau is a new regional type of agricultural system with the coupling development of the modern gully human-earth relationship. The study of its functional changes is of great practical significance for food security,rural revitalization and sustainable development of regional agriculture in the region of interest. This paper analyses the multifunctional...     

不同品系节旋藻cpcB基因上游序列的克隆与分析

采用体外克隆技术获得来自节旋藻6个品系的cpcB基因的257 bp的上游序列和217 bp的编码区序列,并和来自FACHB341的cpcB基因序列对应部分进行比较分析。结果表明,所获得的上游序列和编码区序列都有高度的保守性,而编码区所推导的氨基酸序列的保守性更高。启动子软件预测,在每一上游序列中都存在5条启动子序列,其中,FACHB439的启动子种类和结构与其他品系存在一定的差异。同时,FACHB439的翻译起始区mRNA二级结构与其他品系也有所不同。因此推测,在大多数品系节旋藻中藻蓝蛋白基因存在相同的表达调控机制,而品系FACHB439则可能存在一定程度的差异。     

Extraction and analysis of gully head of Loess Plateau in China based on digital elevation model

In China′s Loess Plateau area, gully head is the most active zone of a drainage system in gully areas. The differentiation of loess gully head follows geospatial patterns and reflects the process of the loess landform development and evolution of its drainage system to some extent. In this study, the geomorphic meaning, basic characteristics, morphological structure and the basic types of loess gully heads were systematically analysed. Then, the loess gully head′s conceptual model was established, and an extraction method based on Digital Elevation Model(DEM) for loess gully head features and elements was proposed. Through analysing the achieved statistics of loess gully head features, loess gully heads have apparently similar and different characteristics depending on the different loess landforms where they are found. The loess head characteristics reflect their growth period and evolution tendency to a certain degree, and they indirectly represent evolutionary mechanisms. In addition, the loess gully developmental stages and the evolutionary processes can be deduced by using loess gully head characteristics. This study is of great significance for development and improvement of the theoretical system for describing loess gully landforms.     

复杂网络理论在黄土高原沟谷地貌特征研究中的应用

沟谷侵蚀是塑造黄土地表侵蚀形态的主要动力,沟谷的发育过程深刻地影响着黄土地貌的发育及演化.本文在黄土高原选择6个典型地貌样区,以样区的数字高程模型为基本数据源提取沟谷系统.将沟谷系统中的沟谷节点、沟谷源点和流域出水口点作为网络节点,网络节点之间的空间拓扑关系为边,高程差为权值,构建黄土高原沟谷加权复杂网络模型.对黄土沟...     

风沙起动的随机性及其判别

风沙颗粒起动的判别标准的不一致,是造成目前关于颗粒起动风速研究成果不一致的重要因素之一。由于颗粒起动过程中,气流瞬时速度或瞬时切应力、颗粒在床面上的相对位置以及非均匀沙在特定的某个点的粒径是随机变量,所以风沙颗粒的起动具有随机性。这种随机性导致在实验观察中,风沙起动判别标准的不一致。借鉴泥沙起动研究的理论与成果,将风沙颗粒起动可分为个别起动、少量起动和大量起动,并给出泥沙研究中的判别标准,供风沙研究者参考。