Large earthquakes in the macquarie ridge complex: Transitional tectonics and subduction initiation

While most aspects of subduction have been extensively studied, the process of subduction initiation lacks an observational foundation. The Macquarie Ridge complex (MRC) forms the Pacific-Australia plate boundary between New Zealand to the north and the Pacific-Australia-Antarctica triple junction to the south. The MRC consists of alternating troughs and rises and is characterized by a transitional tectonic environment in which subduction initiation presently occurs. There is a high seismicity level with 15 large earthquakes (M>7) in this century. Our seismological investigation is centered on the largest event since 1943: the 25 MAY 1981 earthquake. Love, Rayleigh, andP waves are inverted to find: a faulting geometry of right-lateral strike-slip along the local trend of the Macquarie Ridge (N30°E); a seismic moment of 5×10²⁷ dyn cm (M _w=7.7) a double event rupture process with a fault length of less than 100km to the southwest of the epicenter and a fault depth of less than 20km. Three smaller thrust earthquakes occurred previous to the 1981 event along the 1981 rupture zone; their shallow-dipping thrust planes are virtually adjacent to the 1981 vertical fault plane. Oblique convergence in this region is thus accommodated by a dual rupture mode of several small thrust events and a large strike-slip event. Our study of other large MRC earthquakes, plus those of other investigators, produces focal mechanisms for 15 earthquakes distributed along the entire MRC; thrust and right-lateral strike-slip events are scattered throughout the MRC. Thus, all of the MRC is characterized by oblique convergence and the dual rupture mode. The true best-fit rotation pole for the Pacific-Australia motion is close to the Minster & Jordan RM2 pole for the Pacific-India motion. Southward migration of the rotation pole has caused the recent transition to oblique convergence in the northern MRC. We propose a subduction initiation process that is akin to crack propagation; the 1981 earthquake rupture area is identified as the crack-tip region that separates a disconnected mosaic of small thrust faults to the south from a horizontally continuous thrust interface to the north along the Puysegur trench. A different mechanism of subduction initiation occurs in the southernmost Hjort trench region at the triple junction. newly created oceanic lithosphere has been subducted just to the north of the triple junction. The entire MRC is a soft plate boundary that must accommodate the plate motion mismatch between two major spreading centers (Antarctica-Australia and Pacific-Antarctica). The persistence of spreading motion at the two major spreading centers and the consequent evolution of the three-plate system cause the present-day oblique convergence and subduction initiation in the Macquarie Ridge complex.     

某水电站库区泥石流发育特征及其非线性特性研究

通过对某水电站库区内12条主要的泥石流沟从沟道数与流域面积,沟道数与主沟长,沟道数与沟谷坡降关系上研究了库区内泥石流沟发育的非线性特征,并通过其双对数曲线方程得到了各自的分维数,其意义是在对泥石流危险度评判中为各因素权重的求取提供一个定量的手段,并据此可利用非线性技术来解决泥石流灾害研究中的预测及防治等主要问题,为泥石流灾害防治提供新的思路。     

The elastic properties of the lithosphere beneath Scotian basin

To assess the possibility that the North Atlantic Ocean may subduct at Scotian basin east of Canada, we investigate the present compensation state of this deep basin. A Fourier domain analysis of the bathymetry, depth to basement and observed gravity anomalies over the oceanic area east of Nova Scotia indicates that the basin is not isostatically compensated. Moreover, the analysis emphasizes that in addition to the sediments, density perturbations exist beneath the basin. The load produced by the sediments and these density perturbations must have been supported by the lithosphere. We simulate the flexure of the lithosphere under this load by that of a thin elastic plate overlying an inviscid interior. It is shown that a plate with a uniform rigidity does not adequately represent the lithosphere beneath the basin as well as the oceanic lithosphere far from the basin, rather the rigidity of the lithosphere directly beneath the basin is about one to two orders of magnitude smaller than elsewhere. We relate this weakening to the thermal blanketing effects of the thick sediments and the fact that the lithosphere has a temperature-dependent rheology. We suggest that this weak zone would have a controlling effect on the reactivation of normal faults at the hinge zone of the basin, that were formed during the break-up of Africa and North America and were locked in the early stages after the break-up. The weak zone would facilitate reactivation of the faults if tensional stresses were produced by possible reorientation of the spreading direction of the North Atlantic Ocean in the future. The reactivation of the faults would create a free boundary condition at the hinge zone, allowing further bending of the lithosphere beneath the basin and juxtaposition of this lithosphere to the mantle beneath the continent. This may provide a favorable situation for initiation of slow subduction due to subsequent compressional forces.     

黄土塬区坡面及小集水区泥沙输移比变化特征

文章首先推荐了计算泥沙输移比SDR时，所需侵蚀量、输移量的量测方法：侵蚀量用坡长为20m（水平距）、宽5m直线坡，在不同降雨及土地利用下，通过小区出口断面的泥沙量；输移量为坡长大于20m的径流小区小集水区出口处的拦蓄量。然后通过黄土塬区坡面坡度为9%的30m、40m、60m径流小区9年野外实验所得45组有效数据的分析，发现单宽最小径流率qmin和最大含沙量ρmax可判别坡面泥沙侵蚀与输移的对比关系，即输移比SDR，并依据这些参数值，可将侵蚀输移状态划分为“侵蚀——输移区”，“侵蚀——堆积——输移区”和“侵蚀——输移挠动区”3个侵蚀输移状态类型区，同时通过研究给出了各区之间过度转换临界值的计算公式，即ρmax=11.96 0.117qmin和qmin=0.187ρmax-85.676。并能过对21条塬面不同面积（0.5hm^2-41.3hm^2）、坡长（30m-965m)小集水区淤积（输移量）的测量，将测量值与标准小区侵蚀量作对比，计算出各自的输移比SDR，并分别建立了SDR与坡长L、SDR与集水面积A的关系式，即SDR=2.85L^-0.306和SDR=0.735A^-0.151，为快速估算塬面小集水区泥沙输移比SDR值提供了方便。最后，分析了植被覆盖、土壤含水状况、人为活动等其它基因素对泥沙输移比SDR的影响。     

Drainage density on progressively tilted surfaces with different gradients,Wheeler Ridge,California

Wheeler Ridge in the Southern San Joaquin Valley, California, is an anticlinal fold which has been progressively uplifted during the last 250 ka. Drainage networks on the ridge become younger as the anticline's eastern tip is approached. Because of the fold's asymmetric shape, surfaces on opposite flanks of the ridge have similar ages but very different gradients. The ridge provides important insights into drainage development on progressively tilted surfaces, as existing studies are restricted to static topography. A surface gradient of between 4·8° and c.10° is needed to initiate channel networks. This gradient threshold is consistent with previous studies of the gradient and upslope area needed to incise a channel through overland flow. Comparison of coeval drainage networks on opposite flanks of the ridge allows the controversial relationship between drainage density and gradient to be investigated. A lower valley density is observed on the higher gradient flank of Wheeler Ridge. Field observations from the ridge indicate that this inverse relationship is associated with hillslope erosion by shallow mass-wasting, the rate of which increases rapidly as a threshold gradient is approached. Comparison of data from Wheeler Ridge with other field studies and numerical models, shows that the form of the relationship between gradient and drainage density is process-dependent. A positive correlation occurs when erosion is a result of overland flow, whilst a negative correlation occurs where erosion is dominated by shallow mass-wasting. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

济阳坳陷陈家庄凸起东南坡古冲沟沉积充填特征

利用最新的三维地震和钻井、测井等资料,对济阳坳陷陈家庄凸起东南坡古冲沟的地质特征和沉积充填特征进行了探索性研究。边界大断层——陈南断裂的活动控制冲沟的形成。边界断层活动初期,冲沟内充填有近源快速堆积的冲积扇扇根的粗碎屑砂体。断陷的扩张深陷期,靠近冲沟的底壁和测壁为稍长反射段的杂乱地震相,为扇三角洲根部较粗的砂质碎屑。湖盆收缩或萎缩期,冲沟内部发育有极强振幅、平行、高连续的反射相,冲沟的充填相与东营凹陷的河流一三角洲淤浅沉积相吻合,构成一个完整的沉积体系。在对古冲沟的地质特征和沉积充填特征进行研究的基础之上,对古冲沟的油气储集性能进行了概要评价,认为冲沟内由同沉积断层的逆牵引作用所形成的逆牵引背斜与冲沟内常见的前积相反射砂体和深湖相泥页岩相配置,可能构成有利的油气聚集部位。     

Patterns and controls of gully growth along the shoreline of Lake Huron

An empirical approach was used to examine the morphology and behaviour of gullies along the eastern shoreline of Lake Huron, Canada. Gully and watershed dimensions and percentage vegetation cover of a sample of 44 gullies were measured from aerial photographs between 1930 and 1992. Gullies with larger watersheds had higher area growth rates. Larger gullies continue to expand over time while small gullies are more likely to become stable. Growth rates increased between 1955 and 1978 because of increased snowfall, extreme flow events, the extension of municipal drains, and the use of subsurface drainage. After 1970, efforts to rehabilitate gullies using drain pipes and check dams contributed to a decrease in gully growth rates. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄土陡坡裸露坡耕地浅沟发育过程研究

根据黄土陡坡地浅沟地形特征参数,在室内人工建筑浅沟发育初期的雏形模型,研究浅沟发育不同阶段沟头溯源侵蚀、沟壁扩张和沟槽下切变化规律,分析浅沟侵蚀对坡面侵蚀产沙的贡献。结果表明,浅沟发育不同阶段对应于不同的浅沟侵蚀过程。浅沟发育初期,沟头溯源侵蚀、沟壁扩展和沟床下切均相对活跃,且溯源侵蚀速率大于沟壁扩张速率和沟床下切速率;浅沟发育中期,以沟槽下切和沟壁扩张为主;浅沟发育后期,以沟壁扩张为主,但沟壁扩张速率明显小于浅沟发育的初期和中期阶段。浅沟发育初期和中期阶段,浅沟侵蚀量占总坡面侵蚀产沙的58%;浅沟发育后期,浅沟侵蚀量占总坡面侵蚀产沙的26%~59%。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区生态移民过程及其生态系统服务价值评价——以宁夏海原县为例

以海原县为研究对象,以2000、2005、2010和2015年遥感数据为基础数据,综合运用土地利用动态度、生态系统服务价值评价模型、地理探测器等模型对海原县2000—2015年的生态系统服务价值时空变化进行研究。结果显示：2000—2015年海原县土地利用类型发生明显变化,林地、建设用地、水域以及园地面积分别增加24 532.56hm2、13 233.71hm2、1 093.58hm2和812.16hm2,而耕地、草地和未利用地面积呈下降趋势,其中未利用面积下降幅度最大,共减少21 333.05hm2;研究期间海原县生态系统服务价值呈现出逐年增加的变化趋势,由2000年的37.25×108元增加至2015年的62.23×108元,变化率为67.07%,而林地、园地和水域面积的增加是海原县生态系统服务价值增加的关键;从态系统服务价值空间分布来看,海原县生态系统服务价值在空间呈现出由西南向东北递减的变化趋势;研究期间研究区生态系统单项服务价值均呈现出增加的变化趋势,其中废物处理和水源涵养增加量最大,其次是生物多样性和气候调节,而食物生产、原材料生产以及娱乐文化增加量最低,说明海原县的生态系统调节服务>支持服务>供给服务>文化服务;通过地理探测器诊断发现草地、园地、林地、气候调节、土壤形成与保护、生物多样性保护的决定力q值均＞0.8,说明这6项因子对研究区生态系统服务价值变化具有重要的影响作用。