The application of cutting plus waterlogging to control Spartina alterniflora on saltmarshes in the Yangtze Estuary,China

Control and eradication of the exotic and invasive plant Spartina alterniflora within the Chongming Dongtan nature reserve, Shanghai, China, is vital for the management and conservation of the saltmarshes. A demonstration project was established using waterlogging and cutting to control this invasive species. Results from 2007 to 2008 showed that, although the managed waterlogging significantly reduced biomass and seed production of S. alterniflora at an early stage, the species subsequently showed rapid adaptation to the long-term waterlogging stress. Thus, managed waterlogging alone was insufficient for the effective eradication of S. alterniflora. However, managed waterlogging for around 3 months, combined with cutting the above-ground part of S. alterniflora at a key stage (flowering period in July), controlled and eradicated the plant successfully. Both the above-ground and below-ground parts of S. alterniflora were killed and the plants began to decompose after 3 months. Furthermore, there was no re-growth of the emergent part of S. alterniflora in the following years. However, once the impounded water was released restoring the natural hydrodynamic regime of the saltmarshes, the seeds and seedlings of S. alterniflora reinvaded the controlled site from the neighboring areas and the S. alterniflora community was re-established. Thus, after eradication of S. alterniflora, control measures should be maintained to prevent the re-establishment of S. alterniflora. The results of this demonstration project indicate a potentially useful and effective approach for the control and management of large-scale invasion by S. alterniflora on saltmarshes in the Yangtze Estuary, China.     

Growth and grazing rate dynamics of major phytoplankton groups in an oligotrophic coastal site

There has been more attention to phytoplankton dynamics in nutrient-rich waters than in oligotrophic ones thus requiring the need to study the dynamics and responses in oligotrophic waters. Accordingly, phytoplankton community in Blanes Bay was overall dominated by Prymnesiophyceae, remarkably constant throughout the year (31 ± 13% Total chlorophyll a, Tchl a) and Bacillariophyta with a more episodic appearance (20 ± 23% Tchl a). Prasinophyceae and Synechococcus contribution became substantial in winter (Prasinophyceae = 30% Tchl a) and summer (Synechococcus = 35% Tchl a). Phytoplankton growth and grazing mortality rates for major groups were estimated by dilution experiments in combination with high pressure liquid chromatography and flow cytometry carried out monthly over two years. Growth rates of total phytoplankton (range = 0.30–1.91 d⁻¹) were significantly higher in spring and summer (μ > 1.3 d⁻¹) than in autumn and winter (μ ∼ 0.65 d⁻¹) and showed a weak dependence on temperature but a significant positive correlation with day length. Microzooplankton grazing (range = 0.03–1.4 d⁻¹) was closely coupled to phytoplankton growth. Grazing represented the main process for loss of phytoplankton, removing 60 ± 34% (±SD) of daily primary production and 70 ± 48% of Tchl a stock. Chla synthesis was highest during the Bacillarophyceae-dominated spring bloom (Chl a_synt = 2.3 ± 1.6 μg Chl a L⁻¹ d⁻¹) and lowest during the following post-bloom conditions dominated by Prymnesiophyceae (Chl a_synt = 0.23 ± 0.08 μg Chl a L⁻¹ d⁻¹). This variability was smoothed when expressed in carbon equivalents mainly due to the opposite dynamics of C:chl a (range = 11–135) and chl a concentration (range = 0.07–2.0 μg chl a L⁻¹). Bacillariophyta and Synechococcus contribution to C fluxes was higher than to biomass because of their fast-growth rate. The opposite was true for Prymnesiophyceae.     

重金属胁迫对两种海洋饵料微藻的急性毒性效应研究

在模拟生态环境条件下研究了铜(Cu2+)、镉(Cd2+)和锌(Zn2+)3种重金属离子对2种海洋饵料微藻(青岛大扁藻(Platymonas helgolandica)和等鞭金藻8701(Isochrysis galbana 8701))的急性毒性效应,分析其对种群增长的影响,并利用透射电镜对微藻亚显微结构的变化进行分析。在实验浓度范围内,2种微藻的种群增长对3种重金属离子的急性胁迫表现出类似的变化趋势,随着胁迫浓度的增加,微藻的相对增长率均呈现出不断下降的趋势;通过比较2种微藻的48hEC50和96h-EC50发现:3种重金属离子的毒性程度为Cu2+Cd2+Zn2+,等鞭金藻8701对重金属胁迫的敏感性高于青岛大扁藻。2种微藻的亚显微结构观察显示,二者的膜结构及细胞核对Cu2+胁迫并不太敏感;与对照组相比等鞭金藻8701的色素体及贮能物质受影响较严重,而青岛大扁藻的叶绿体及淀粉粒受影响较大。     

长牡蛎F3 代快速生长选育群体生长特性的研究

采用模型拟合方法研究了长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)F3代快速生长选育群体不同时期各生长性状的发育规律。结果表明,长牡蛎幼虫期壳高(SH)、壳长(SL)对日龄(t)的回归遵循Logistic模型,生长方程分别为SH=455.612/(1+9.500e-0.142t),R2=0.999;SL=462.476/(1+8.026e-0.108t),R2=0.996。幼虫期壳高与壳长成直线相关,回归方程为SL=0.76SH+18.82,R2=0.994。长牡蛎养成期各生长性状呈现明显的季节变化,壳高(SH)、壳长(SL)、壳宽(SW)和总质量(TW)对月龄(X)的多项式回归方程分别为SH=-0.0297X4+1.0365X3-12.0220X2+57.6500X-68.9260,R2=0.985;SL=-0.0173X4+0.5893X3-6.5702X2+30.2420X-34.4150,R2=0.986;SW=-0.0068X4+0.2620X3-3.2806X2+16.9170X-22.1410,R2=0.956;TW=-0.0219X4+0.8234X3-10.1680X2+50.7040X-85.4110,R2=0.972。壳高、壳长、壳宽与总质量均呈幂函数相关,回归方程分别为SH=23.645TW0.3213,R2=0.998;SL=12.337TW0.3776,R2=0.995;SW=6.611TW0.3589,R2=0.981。     

青海热水柴达尔井田构造组合型式

柴达尔井田构造可分为压缩机制的推覆构造与伸展机制的断块体两类。南北F0为逆冲型的控制性边界断裂，井田内部一系列小型弧形构造为逆掩型浅层断裂；F1、F2、F17，是拉伸作用下的同沉积正断层，切断煤系基底T3地层。其动力机制为印度板块向北推移、西伯利亚板块向南运移发生对挤，脆一韧性剪切变形导致了井用现有的构造组合形式。     

再论洞穴石笋的沉积速率

通过对滇、黔、湘、桂洞穴石笋大型剖面的综合研究、,以代表性剖面和典型时（笋）段系统测年和沉积速率研究为例,初步认为,石笋沉积速率大小是气候演变、暖气候、冷气候的识别指标之一,沉积速率为10mm／100a以上是冰后（间冰）期温暖气候的沉积,趋于10mm／100a或以下者,是温暖期气候的冷转变,或冷期（阶）的沉积;1mm／100a左右是冰期寒冷气候的沉积,趋于1mm／100a或以上者是冰期寒冷气候的暖转变或间冰期的沉积;沉积速率极小,往往是冷气候显示,甚至是沉积间断,或是气候和地质、灾害事件的突变点。沉积速率具多变性,引用和识别时应避免以单一速率推算长时（笋）段年序和确定气候或地质事件的年代,不宜跨旋回计速,以避免遗漏沉积间断和气候、地质、灾害事件。石笋沉积间断很普遍,特别是寒冷的冰期气候间断更频繁,观测和测年表明,沉积间断时间累计占成笋期的28．92％～76．26％,全新世温暖气候的沉积间断时间累计,只占成笋期的13．80％以上。     

华北克拉通前寒武纪BIF铁矿研究:进展与问题

研究表明,BIF铁矿在华北克拉通的分布具有一定规律性.大规模BIF铁矿主要发育在绿岩带分布区的鞍山-本溪、冀东、霍邱-舞阳、五台、鲁西和固阳等地;华北克拉通时代最古老的BIF形成于古太古代,最年轻BIF形成于古元古代早期,但BIF铁矿的峰期为新太古代晚期(2.52 ～2.56Ga);BIF铁矿类型可划分为阿尔戈马型和苏比利尔湖型两类,但华北以晚太古代绿岩带中的阿尔戈马型为主,仅吕梁的古元古代袁家村铁矿具典型苏比利尔湖型铁矿特征.根据BIF在绿岩带序列中的产出部位和岩石组合关系,可将华北BIF划分为:1)斜长角闪岩(夹角闪斜长片麻岩)-磁铁石英岩组合;2)斜长角闪岩-黑云变粒岩-云母石英片岩-磁铁石英岩组合;3)黑云变粒岩(夹黑云石英片岩)-磁铁石英岩组合;4)黑云变粒岩-绢云绿泥片岩-黑云石英片岩-磁铁石英岩组合;5)斜长角闪岩(片麻岩)-大理岩-磁铁石英岩组合等5种类型.华北克拉通BIF形成时代与早前寒武纪岩浆活动的时间基本一致(2.5～2.6Ga),但与华北克拉通陆壳增生的峰期(2.7～2.9Ga)有一定偏差,其原因可能与新太古代晚期华北克拉通构造-热事件十分强烈有关.华北克拉通新太古代BIF大多形成于岛弧环境,但局部地区(如固阳)BIF铁矿可能形成于深部有地幔柱叠加的岛弧环境.华北克拉通BIF富矿主要有三种类型:原始沉积、受后期构造-热液叠加改造和古风化壳等,但总体不发育富铁矿,国外发育的风化壳型富铁在我国甚为少见.本文认为在探讨BIF铁矿类型时,需要从绿岩带发育序列进行综合判别.阿尔戈马型铁矿一般产于克拉通基底(绿岩带)环境,苏比利尔湖型铁矿一般形成于稳定克拉通上的海相沉积盆地或被动大陆边缘.华北克拉通BIF铁矿地球化学研究结果表明,BIF铁矿无Ce负异常且Fe同位素为正值,从而暗示铁矿沉淀的环境为低氧或缺氧环境,而铕正异常可能指示BIFs为热水沉积成因,其机制可能为海水对流循环从新生镁铁质-超镁铁质洋壳中淋滤出F(e)和Si等元素,在海底排泄沉淀成矿,而条带状构造的形成可能归咎于成矿流体的脉动式喷溢.但对于BIF铁矿的物质来源、成矿条件和机制、富铁矿成因、华北克拉通不发育苏比利尔湖型铁矿的原因等方面,仍需深入研究.     

豫西宜阳地区TTG质片麻岩锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素地质学

本文报道对华北地块南缘、豫西宜阳穆册TTG质片麻岩的地球化学、锆石U-Pb定年及Hf同位素研究.宜阳穆册TTC质片麻岩SiO2含量为59～73%,Al2O3＞15%、CaO、MgO、Al2O3、TiO2、Na2O/K2O与SiO2的含量呈负相关,表明在岩浆演化中有镁铁矿物和斜长石的分离,岩浆成分随着分异而富钾.P2O5与SiO2含量呈正相关,反映出磷灰石的分离.轻重稀土分异明显（（La/Yb）N=9～23）;重稀土相对于轻稀土轻度分异;无明显的Eu异常（Eu＊=0.95～1.07）.岩石富Rb、Sr、Ba、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta等高场强元素.低Y（13.25～25.27 μg/g）和Yb（1.27～1.98 μg/g）;高Sr（507.14～606.85 μg/g）及Sr/Y（34.15～39.97）,上述地球化学特征一致表明,研究区片麻岩为一套高铝的TTG质岩石.这套片麻岩可能是在角闪岩相条件下部分熔融的产物.利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb法测得TTG质片麻岩的年龄为2.3 Ga.片麻岩中的锆石大部分具负εHf（t）值（最高达-4.95）,揭示其源区可能主要为古老陆壳物质;部分锆石的εHf（t）为正值,说明在其形成过程中有一定比例的亏损地幔物质的加入.宜阳TTG质片麻岩的Hf同位素数据表明,其两阶段模式年龄主要2.57～3.01 Ga之间,平均值为2.82 Ga,所以说穆册灰色片麻的源区可能存在年龄为2.8 Ga左右（或更老）的地壳物质,说明代表该区基底的太华杂岩形成时代可能为2.8Ga（或更老）.虽然华北地块陆壳最主要的增生时代被认为发生在2500 Ma,但宜阳TTG质片麻岩的研究结果和其他研究者的研究成果都说明华北地块大陆地壳在古元古代早期仍然存在相当规模的陆壳增生.     

基于投入产出模型的旅游消费对经济增长的动态影响研究

基于投入产出模型,利用中国《2002年部门投入产出表》,定量测度了1997—2007年间我国城乡居民国内旅游消费对国民经济及各部门产出增长的贡献率及其变化,并提出相应的建议。研究结论:(1)城镇居民国内旅游消费对经济增长的贡献在上升,农村居民的贡献在下降,总体国内旅游消费对经济增长的贡献在下降。(2)城乡居民国内旅游消费对各产业产出增长贡献从大到小依次为:旅游业、住宿和餐饮业、交通仓储和邮政业、金融保险业、其他服务业、房地产业和批发零售业。(3)我国旅游业发展八分靠国内旅游,二分靠国际旅游;国内旅游消费结构中,非基本消费比重较小,亟待提高。     

利用远震接收函数反演乌江彭水电站地震台下方地壳厚度

乌江彭水电站目前是重庆市最大的水电站,电站总投资121亿元,总装机容量为175万kw.坝高116.5 m,水库正常蓄水水位293 m,总库容13.35亿m3,为河道型高坝水库.已有研究结果表明,彭水电站坝区是稳定的,但库区及外围地区仍存在5级左右的地震活动背景,在水库蓄水后有可能诱发中,强地震.本文利用彭水台网于200...