中国明对虾2个群体的杂交子一代早期分析

目前,对虾研究主要集中在基础遗传学和遗传改良的潜力研究等方面[1,2].不同的地理群体代表不同的遗传资源,尤其是对虾人工养殖迅速发展的情况下,对不同的群体生长发育性状特点进行评估是非常重要的.遗传改良的目标是提高对虾人工养殖群体的产量,这就需要育种计划不仅要建立在对虾自然群体相关性状差异的研究上,还需要进一步了解不同发育阶段主要经济性状的遗传特性.对虾幼体生长情况和存活率一直都是养殖者和科学工作者关注的问题.已经有研究证明美国大西洋牡蛎和港湾扇贝群体间在幼体生长发育和存活率方面存在遗传差异[3,4].杂种优势在生物界是一个普遍的现象.     

Preliminary study on different nutrient pools supplies for the phytoplankton growth in the Jiaozhou Bay in China in the fall of 2004

The source and significance of two nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorous, were investigated by a modified dilution method performed on seawater samples from the Jiaozhou Bay, in autumn 2004. This modified dilution method accounted for the phytoplankton growth rate, microzooplankton grazing mortality rate, the internal and external nutrient pools, as well as nutrient supplied through remineralization by microzooplankton. The results indicated that the phytoplankton net growth rate increased in turn from inside the bay, to outside the bay, to in the Xiaogang Harbor. The phytoplankton maximum growth rates and microzooplankton grazing mortality rates were 1.14 and 0.92 d-1 outside the bay, 0.42 and 0.32 d-1 inside the bay and 0.98 and 0.62 d-1 in the harbor respectively. Outside the bay, the remineralized nitrogen (Kr=24.49) had heavy influence on the growth of the phytoplankton. Inside the bay, the remineralized phosphorus(Kr=3.49) strongly affected the phytoplankton growth. In the harbor, the remineralized phosphorus (Kr=3.73) was in larger demand by phytoplankton growth. The results demonstrated that the different nutrients pools supplied for phytoplankton growth were greatly in accordance with the phytoplankton community structure, microzooplankton grazing mortality rates and environmental conditions. It is revealed that nutrient remineralization is much more important for the phytoplankton growth in the Jiaozhou Bay than previously believed.     

Effects of salinity fluctuation amplitudes on growth, osmolarity, Na＋-K＋-ATPase activity and Hsp70 of juvenile Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis Osbeck

The effects of various salinity fluctuation amplitudes (2, 4, 6 and 8) on the growth, osmolarity, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity and Hsp70 of juvenile Fenneropenaeus chinensis cultured in seawater with a salinity of 20 were studied. The results show that weight gain in the salinity fluctuation treatments was better than that in control; in particular, the weight gain of treatments S4 and S0, at 231.8% and 196.3%, respectively, was significantly different (P<0.05). The hemolymph osmolarity of treatments S0, S2, S4, S6 and S8 was 635.4, 630.8, 623.6, 614.4 and 600.3 mOsm/kg, respectively, and decreased with increasing salinity fluctuation amplitude. The level of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity in gills of F. chinensis was higher than that in hepatopancreas, but there were no significant differences among all treatments, either in gills or hepatopancreas (P>0.05). The relative level of Hsp70 in treatment S4 was 48.4% and 40.4% higher than control in muscle and eyestalks, respectively, with the highest values being recorded under a salinity fluctuation amplitude of 4.     

复合酸化剂对鲤生长及消化酶活性的影响

在鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)基础饲料中,分别添加不同梯度的复合酸化剂(质量分数分别为0、0.2%、0.3%),研究复合酸化剂对其生长和消化酶活性的影响。结果表明:1)添加复合酸化剂显著(P<0.05)提高鲤鱼的相对增重率、特定生长率、饵料转化效率、饲料蛋白质效率以及饲料蛋白质沉积率等生长性能指标;2)添加质量分数0.3%的复合酸化剂时,鲤鱼肝胰脏、前肠和中肠的蛋白酶活性显著提高(P<0.05),酸化剂组的淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性有升高的趋势,但与对照组差异不显著;3)鱼体的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、水分、肥满度及内脏比等品质指标在各组间差异不显著。综上所述,鲤鱼饲料中添加以柠檬酸、乳酸、磷酸等为主的复合酸化剂,可显著提高鲤鱼肝胰脏、前肠和中肠的蛋白酶活性,促进鲤鱼生长。     

Effect of Dietary Phosphorus on the Growth and Body Components of Juvenile Synechogobius hasta

The effect of dietary phosphorus on the growth and body components of juvenile Synechogobius hasta was determined. Different percentages of dietary phosphorus (0.63, 0.77, 0.93, 1.06, 1.22 and 1.36) were tested by feeding the fish (body weight, 15.81 g ± 0.32 g; 20 individuals each group; 3 groups each percentage) at a surplus of 5%–10% above satiation for 35 d. Dietary phosphorus did not significantly affect the specific growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency rate. Nitrogen ...     

The Effect of Temperature on Growth and Energy Budget of the Polychaete,Neanthes japonica Izuka

Growth and energy budget of the polychaete, Neanthesjaponica, at various temperatures (17, 20, 23, 26 and 29 ℃) were investigated in this study. The growth, as indicated by final dry weight and specific growth rate (SGR), increased with increasing temperature, with the maximum level at 26℃, and then decreased significantly at 29℃. A similar trend was observed in feeding rate, food conversion efficiency (FCE) and apparent digestive rate (ADR). However, no significant differences were detected in ADR among all the temperature treatments. In the pattern of energy allocation, faeces energy was only a small component of energy budget and had little influence on the proportion of food energy allocated to growth. The metabolic energy accounted for a large portion of energy intake for each temperature treatment. The nitrogen excretion was appreciable with changing temperature. The two expendi-ture terms (respiration energy and excretion energy) in energy budget were the major factors influencing the proportion of food en-ergy allocated to growth. These results revealed that temperature affected the growth of N. japonica mainly by influencing feeding rate and FCE. In addition, regression equations describing the relationship between feeding rate, faecal production, SGR, FCE and temperature were obtained. The optimum temperatures for feeding rate, FCE and SGR were estimated at 25.01 ℃, 24.24℃ and 24.73 ℃, respectively, from the regression equations.     

Scleractinian coral population size structures and growth rates indicate coral resilience on the fringing reefs of North Jamaica

Coral reefs throughout the world are under severe challenges from many environmental factors. This paper quantifies the size structure of populations and the growth rates of corals from 2000 to 2008 to test whether the Discovery Bay coral colonies showed resilience in the face of multiple acute stressors of hurricanes and bleaching. There was a reduction in numbers of colonies in the smallest size class for all the species at all the sites in 2006, after the mass bleaching of 2005, with subsequent increases for all species at all sites in 2007 and 2008. Radial growth rates (mm yr⁻¹) of non-branching corals and linear extension rates (mm yr⁻¹) of branching corals calculated on an annual basis from 2000–2008 showed few significant differences either spatially or temporally. At Dairy Bull reef, live coral cover increased from 13 ± 5% in 2006 to 20 ± 9% in 2007 and 31 ± 7% in 2008, while live Acropora species increased from 2 ± 2% in 2006 to 10 ± 4% in 2007 and 22 ± 7% in 2008. These studies indicate good levels of coral resilience on the fringing reefs around Discovery Bay in Jamaica.     

微小卡罗藻溶血活性的生长期特征及其溶血毒素种类分析

研究微小卡罗藻的生长曲线及不同生长期藻细胞提取液和去藻上清液溶血活性的大小,通过乙酸乙酯和Bligh-Dyer两种方法提取溶血毒素,利用柱层析和薄层层析对溶血毒素成分进行初步的分离与分析。结果表明,藻细胞提取液在4个生长阶段中都具有明显的溶血活性,去藻上清液在平稳期和衰亡期具有明显的溶血活性,延滞期及对数生长期溶血活性很低,表明微小卡罗藻的溶血物质是其自身正常生理代谢产物,且在细胞老化过程中可以释放至水体环境中。两种提取方法都可以将溶血毒素提取出来,进一步的色谱分离和生物活性检测发现微小卡罗藻主要含有3种不同性质的溶血毒素,其溶血作用可能与微小卡罗藻较高含量的多不饱和脂肪酸18:5n3和22:6n3有关。     

不同投喂方式对中国明对虾幼体生长发育及抗病力的研究

研究β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan及不同投喂方式对中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)幼体的存活、生长、发育、非特异性免疫及抗副溶血弧菌能力的影响.将β-glucan以0.25%的剂量添加到微黏合饲料中,以不同的投喂方式投喂对虾幼体,即D0(一直投喂基础饲料);D1(一直投喂含0.25%β-葡聚糖饲料);3D1-3D0(3 d投喂含0.25%β-葡聚糖的饲料-3 d投喂基础饲料);1D1-3D0(1 d投喂含0.25%β-葡聚糖的饲料-3 d投喂基础饲料),共4个处理,每个处理随机设置3个重复,对虾幼体养殖于可控温的半开放系统中,每个养殖桶中盛有50 L盐度为30～32消毒海水,养殖密度为100尾/L.实验结果表明,在孵化后14 d,投喂D1饲料组在总存活率,变态指数,体长,特定生长率方面均高于其它各组,虽然有时差异不显著.在免疫指标方面,在9和14 dph分别进行了酚氧化酶(PO)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活力的测定,结果表明,投喂D1饲料组的4个免疫指标均高于其它3组,虽然有时差异不显著.在14 dph的攻毒实验结果表明,对照组的累积死亡率显著高于D1组(P<0.05),而1D1-3D0和3D1-3D0的累积死亡率则与其它各组均不显著.实验结果表明,间隔投喂方式并不适合于对虾幼体,在中国明对虾幼体饲料中使用β-葡聚糖时,建议添加量为0.25%,并采用一直投喂的方式.     

凸包插值算法的改进与实现

研究了凸包插值算法在n维欧拉空间构造Delaunay三角网的应用,提出了其三角剖分不惟一的重大缺陷,采用了限制区域生长法解决了这一缺陷。