Variation of colour patterns in larval Hydropsyche (Trichoptera): Implications for species identifications and the phylogeny of the genus

Larvae of the lotic caddisfly genus Hydropsyche may occur in densities of thousands to several tens of thousands of individuals/m² across continents and running water types. Therefore, stream ecologists frequently face the task of identifying larvae of this genus. Early keys to larval Hydropsyche of Asia, Europe and North America often used the relatively complicated frontoclypeal colour pattern for species discrimination, whereas equivocal views about the variation of this pattern limited its use in recent keys. Has each species of a given species group a different (although intraspecifically variable) basic pattern of lighter spots on the darker frontoclypeus, or have all species of a group the same basic colour pattern that varies more or less intraspecifically? An answer to this question has obvious implications for the identification of the species as well as for the phylogeny of the genus, so we examined the variation of this colour pattern across ∼11,000 specimens of 10 Hydropsyche species from the Loire River (France).All 10 species had the same basic colour pattern on the frontoclypeus (six contrasting light patches on a dark background) that varied intraspecifically across a certain range of colour contrasts. Comparing other sources illustrating the frontoclypeus of Hydropsyche larvae provided more support for the idea that six contrasting light patches on the frontoclypeus is the typical basic colour pattern that varies within almost all European species; males of these species have a simple phallus form. Two European and many North American species of the genus (from the Ceratopsyche group) have a different basic colour pattern of seven light patches on the frontoclypeus that varies also intraspecifically; males of these species have a complicated phallus form.If the variation of such colour patterns in co-existing populations of several species is known, the relative contrast differences among the individual patches on the frontoclypeus and the form of the individual patches can provide valuable information for rapid species identification. Analysis of this variation may also contribute to phylogenetic studies of the genus Hydropsyche and other hydropsychids.     

Ore Group Classification - A Case Study from Ingaldhal Sulphide Deposit, Karnataka Craton, India

All varieties of base metal sulphide deposits may be classified using base metal ratios viz. Copper Ratio (CR=100Cu/{Cu+Zn}), Zinc Ratio (ZR=100Zn/{Zn+Pb}) and Lead Ratio (PR=100Pb/{Pb+Cu}). Based on this ore group classification an attempt has been made to identify ore groups present in the late Archaean volcanic associated Ingaldhal Sulphide Deposit (ISD) of Karnataka Craton. Using base metal ratios (CR, ZR and PR) five distinct fields are suggested: Cu, Cu-Zn, Cu-Zn-Pb, Zn-Cu and Zn-Cu-Pb/Zn-Pb-Cu with their associated geological and geochemical characteristics. A transitional change in the ore groups is observed from the North Block (Cu rich groups; CR>50) to South Block (Zn and Pb dominated groups; CR<50) and the Main Block is represented by all the five ore groups.This classification may be useful as a pointer in the exploration of polymetallic base metal deposits. Copper rich groups (Cu, Cu-Zn and Cu-Zn-Pb) exhibit high concentration of Bi and Co, and low CaO and Cd whereas the Zn rich groups (Zn-Cu and Zn-Cu-Pb/Zn-Pb-Cu) show high CaO and Cd, and low Bi and Co. The CR of most of the ore groups exhibit a sympathetic relation with Co and Ag. A preliminary attempt has been made for better understanding of ore group genesis of ISD by integrating ore group characteristics with deduced geothermometry.     

Influence of offshore topography on the amplification of infragravity oscillations within a harbor

The main purpose of this article is to systematically investigate the influence of offshore fringing reef topography on the infragravity-period harbor oscillations. The infragravity (IG) period oscillations inside an elongated harbor induced by normally-incident bichromatic wave groups are simulated using a fully nonlinear Boussinesq model, FUNWAVE 2.0. Based on an IG wave decomposition method, effects of plane reef-face slopes, reef-face profile shapes and the existence of reef ridge on bound and free IG waves and their relative components inside the harbor are comprehensively studied. For the given harbor and reef ridge, the range of the reef-face slopes and the various profile shapes studied in this paper, results show that the amplitude of the free IG waves inside the harbor increases with the increasing of the reef-face slope; while the bound IG waves inside the harbor seem insensitive to it. The effects of the profile shapes on the IG period waves inside the harbor are closely related to the width of the reef face. The existence of the reef ridge can relieve the bound IG waves to some extent when the incident short wave amplitudes are relatively large, while its effects on the free IG waves are negligible.     

大规模群桩基础相互作用近似解耦方法

针对传统弹性理论法过高地估计了桩-桩相互作用效应,基于杆件有限单元法建立了半无限土体中群桩基础的桩侧剪应力求解方程,通过简化桩-桩的相互作用效应,将群桩基础桩侧摩阻力的求解方程近似解耦,实现了群桩基础桩身剪应力和位移的快速求解目标。通过两桩相互作用系数以及柔性承台下群桩基础差异沉降的对比分析,验证了该简化方法的合理性。参数分析结果表明,该简化方法计算得到的相互作用系数与严格的边界积分方程法解答较为接近,稍小于Poulos弹性理论法的计算结果;柔性承台下群桩的差异沉降在桩间距较小时与经典解答较为接近,而在桩间距较大时则存在一定的差别。该简化方法大幅减少了群桩计算工作量,适用于大规模群桩基础的快速计算要求。     

Funding and Facilitation: implications of changing government policy for the future of voluntary Landcare groups in Western Australia

Landcare groups in Australia work to increase biodiversity, eliminate invasive species and promote sustainable land-use practices. With the implementation of the Rudd government's ‘Caring for our Country’ policy during 2008–09, financial and organisational resources available to these groups diminished. This paper examines whether the National Landcare Program's initial intentions—that agency support could be provided to ‘kick-start’ the community groups into action with the Landcare groups quickly becoming independent bodies—are ultimately realistic. The results show that the majority of Landcare groups continue to be reliant on government-sourced funding and Landcare facilitators, and that those groups which do not have access to support have reduced their activity levels accordingly. Landcare groups were suffering from a reduced volunteer base, with static or decreasing numbers of participants, an inability to set regular meetings and a lack of volunteers to take up leadership positions. The reliance of Landcare groups on government support suggests that Landcare was an unsuccessful form of state-sponsored community participation, making Landcare groups similar to other volunteer organisations in terms of their functional characteristics and reliance on externally sourced funds.     

分层土中群桩水平动力阻抗的改进计算

采用动力Winkler地基梁模型,建立了主动桩和被动桩的简化解析运动方程,考虑地基土的分层特性、桩身剪切变形和转动惯量,提出了计算分层地基中单桩和群桩动力阻抗的改进计算方法,并与已有文献的计算结果进行了对比,结果表明：改进方法的计算结果与现场实测更接近。在低频段,改进方法的计算结果与已有文献结果较一致,但随着桩身剪切模量的减小,两者差异增大。差异主要是由考虑桩身剪切变形和转动惯量引起的,且前者影响较大,在低频段差异亦十分明显,而后者影响较小,在群桩阻抗峰值区域和高频段差异明显,需考虑桩身转动惯量的影响。     

Elitogenesis in Russia: geographical aspect

The birthplace differentiation for representatives of different groups of the Russian elite is considered for macroregions, subjects of the RF and cities. It is shown that in the elite groups under consideration, the proportions of natives of Moscow and St. Petersburg exceed several times the proportions of natives of these cities in the country's population. The other large cities, especially Yekaterinburg, Kazan, Chelyabinsk, Nizhni Novgorod, Ufa, Saratov, Voronezh, Irkutsk, Omsk, and Rostov-on-Don, are centers of elitogenesis vastly excelled by the two capital cities. The differences between macroregions without regard for Moscow and Saint Petersburg are significant in separate aspects of elitogenesis.     

建筑群体的紧凑性布局——大连市金州区石河中心学校校区建筑规划设计

介绍了大连金州石河中心学校校区建筑规划设计的总体构思和特点,在尊重现有地形地貌的基础上,力求创造出既满足功能需求又充满归属感的、亲切的、生态的、现代新型校区。     

Benthic invertebrate assemblages and functional feeding groups in the Paraná River floodplain (Argentina)

The benthic invertebrate assemblages and functional feeding groups in different mesohabitats of the Middle Paraná River–floodplain system were analyzed. Benthic invertebrates and bottom sediments were sampled in a secondary channel (center and bank mesohabitats), a temporal marginal fluvial wetland adjacent to the river, an isolated lake and a connected lake during low water level. Cluster analysis of average invertebrate densities based on the Bray Curtis dissimilarity index yielded a group composed by the mesohabitats with higher species richness, the floodplain lakes, banks mesohabitats and the wetland. The center mesohabitat of the main channel characterized by sandy sediments with low organic matter content and the lowest invertebrate densities and species richness was classified separately. Alpha diversity increased from the center mesohabitat (6 taxa) to the adjacent wetland (71 taxa), and were similar between the floodplain lakes (24 and 22 taxa) and the river bank mesohabitat (24 taxa). Gamma and beta diversities (Whittaker index) were 92 and 2.19, respectively. The highest turnover of taxa was between the river and the other mesohabitats and the lowest between floodplain lakes. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) showed a clear separation of wetland and banks from other mesohabitats (axis 1 and 2 explained 52.25% variance) explained by shredders and collector-filterers. The other mesohabitats were arranged in a gradient from the main channel mostly related to collector-gatherers to the connected lake and the isolated lake that were mostly characterized by predators and scrapers. The invertebrate assemblage complexity and functional feeding groups composition increased in the lateral dimension, from the center of the main channel to the temporal marginal fluvial wetland due to the influences of the spatial heterogeneity caused by different sources of organic matter inputs.     

南麂列岛国家海洋自然保护区微,小型藻类生态研究：Ⅰ.种类组成与生态特点

本文对南麂列岛国家海洋自然保护区微、小型藻类的种类组成、生态类群、分布特点等进行了较详细的分析研究。经鉴定共有微、小型藻类４５９种,在海水和海洋底栖沉积物中发现的有２８３种;泥滩、沙滩、岩礁潮间带中发现的有２８１种;两者共同出现的有１０５种。其中,硅藻类占７１．２４％,蓝藻类占１３．９４％,甲藻类占１２．６４％,绿藻类和金藻类分别占１．５３％和０．６５％。这些种类大都为本区的新记录,为我国海洋微、小型藻类首次记录的有３０种。根据种类组成、分布特点和温度性质,划分为三个生态类群：广布性类群、暖水性类群、温带性类群。此外,根据生境或生活方式不同,划分为两个生态类群：海洋浮游藻类、海洋底栖藻类或附生藻类;根据盐度的不同,又可划分为：淡水藻类、半咸水藻类、海洋藻类;还可以根据藻类个体大小的不同,划分为两个生态类群：海洋微型藻类、海洋小型藻类。