River incision and vegetation dynamics in cut-off channels

The consequences of river incision on ecosystems dynamics in cut-off channels were hypothesized to be 1) the reduction of river backflows and overflows of the river in the former channels; 2) the reduction of seepage flows from the river and drainage into the channels; 3) the drainage of the hillslope aquifer by the former channels. The subsequent changes of aquatic plant communities should be 1) the terrestrialization of the higher part of former channels and 2) their change into more oligotraphent ones if the hillslope aquifer is poorer in nutrients than the river. In those reaches where the river bed is aggraded, river backflows in the cut-off channel should increase, as should overflows and seepage, and more eutraphent species should develop. Changes in aquatic vegetation were studied over a ten-year period in four cut-off channels supplied by a nutrient-poor hillslope aquifer and a nutrient-rich river. Two of them were located in an incised reach of the river, one in an aggraded reach and one (reference) in a reach that was neither aggraded nor incised. The vegetation of the reference channel exhibited only minor changes over the ten-year period, indicating that the successional trend is not perceptible at the time scale of the study, and thus that any change observed in the other channels can be ascribed to river incision or aggradation. Terrestrialization expected in the channels located in the incised reach clearly progressed in the downstream parts, but was inhibited by groundwater supplies in the upper parts. As expected, oligotraphent communities progressed or remained dominant in the upper part. The channel located in the aggraded reach of the river exhibited the highest floristic changes. As expected, eutraphent communities progressed in this channel, but unexpectedly, terrestrialization also progressed in the upstream part. Alternative explanations are: 1) aggradation could have instigated more backflows and overflows without modifying significantly the mean water-level and 2) more frequent water overflows could have favoured alluvial deposition and thus terrestrialization.     

Hydrodynamic and isotopic investigations for evaluating the mechanisms and amount of groundwater seepage through a rockslide dam

This study addresses the influence of landslide dams on surface water drainage and groundwater flow. In the study area of Scanno Lake and Sagittario River (Central Italy), a limestone rockslide‐avalanche formed a lake, which has an outlet that is occasionally active, showing infiltration into the rockslide dam. Several springs are present at the lake's base and are partly fed by seepage through the rockslide debris. Piezometric surveys, discharge measurements, pumping tests and chemical analyses are tools used to build a conceptual model of the groundwater flow and to evaluate the flow through the rockslide debris. Seasonal water isotopic signatures validate the assumed model, showing a mixing of infiltration recharge and groundwater seepage throughout the rockslide debris. Various recharge areas have been found for springs, pointing out those directly fed by the rockslide debris aquifer. Hypotheses about seasonal groundwater mixing between the regional carbonate aquifer and the rockslide debris aquifer are supported by isotope results. Seasonal changes in groundwater table level due to recharge and surface losses from seasonal outlet have been correlated with isotopic groundwater composition from the rockslide debris aquifer and the downstream springs; this relationship highlights the role of the rockslide dam body on the hydrodynamics of the studied area. Relationships between surface waters and groundwater in the area have been completely understood on the basis of water isotopic fingerprinting, finally obtaining a complete evaluation of groundwater renewable resources and its regimen. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Varying water utilization of Haloxylon ammodendron plantations in a desert‐oasis ecotone

Haloxylon ammodendron is a desert shrub used extensively in China for restoring degraded dry lands. An understanding of the water source used by H. ammodendron plantations is critical achieving sustainable vegetation restoration. We measured mortality, shoot size, and rooting depth in 5‐, 10‐, 20‐, and 40‐year‐old H. ammodendron plantations. We examined stable isotopic ratios of oxygen (δ¹⁸O) in precipitation, groundwater, and soil water in different soil layers and seasons, and in plant stem water to determine water sources at different shrub ages. We found that water acquisition patterns in H. ammodendron plantations differed with plantation age and season. Thus, the main water source for 5‐year‐old shrubs was shallow soil water. Water sources of 10‐year‐old shrubs shifted depending on the soil water conditions during the season. Although their tap roots could absorb deep soil water, the plantation main water sources were from soil water, and about 50% of water originated from shallow and mid soil. This pattern might occur because main water sources in these plantations were changeable over time. The 20‐ and 40‐year‐old shrubs acquired water mainly from permanent groundwater. We conclude that the main water source of a young H. ammodendron plantation was soil water recharged by precipitation. However, when roots reached sufficient depth, water originated mainly from the deep soil water, especially in the dry season. The deeply rooted 20‐ and 40‐year‐old shrubs have the ability to exploit a deep and reliable water source. To achieve sustainability in these plantations, we recommend a reduction in the initial density of H. ammodendron in the desert‐oasis ecotone to decelerate the consumption of shallow soil water during plantation establishment.     

苏州城区地下水源热泵系统开发利用适宜性分区

以苏州城区为研究背景,阐述了浅层地温能资源赋存的水文地质条件,分析了地下水源热泵系统应用可能对地下水环境产生的影响,研究得出第Ⅱ承压含水层是该地区地下水源热泵开发利用的理想含水层.在此基础上,采用层次分析法和综合指数法建立适宜性分区标准,将苏州城区地下水源热泵系统应用划分为适宜区、一般适宜区和不适宜区,并进行了分区评价.为苏州城区地下水源热泵系统的合理开发利用和制定地下水环境保护措施等提供了重要依据.     

基于遥感的辽西朝阳地区水文地质信息提取及其应用

为解决辽西地区干旱缺水问题,通过卫星遥感与地面物探相结合的工作方式,研究了水文地质信息提取方法及其应用技术,并在辽西地区开展了初步应用。结果表明,卫星遥感技术不仅可以从宏观上掌握研究区地下水赋存规律,还可探测到常规方法难以发现的水文地质信息,通过卫星遥感技术可以缩小地面物探工作区的范围,该方法有效提高了地下水探测的工作效率及其准确性。此外,通过对电测深电阻率值的定量分析表明,当探测到的九佛堂组岩组电阻率介于18～22Ω·m之间时,该处富水的可能性极大,该方法可有效降低在九佛堂组中物探找水工作的难度。     

遗传算法在水环境灰色非线性规划中的应用

利用常规最优化方法解水环境中的灰色非线性规划问题难度较大。尝试利用遗传算法与传统非线性规划解法相结合的混合数值算法对此类问题的求解进行了探索。在实例的应用中,该方法有效性得到了验证。     

某电厂灰场北侧东邵庄地质灾害产生原因及治理设想

本文从某电厂灰场北侧东邵庄村地质灾害现象入手,对灰场－东邵庄村的原生环境水文地质条件和次生环境水文地质条件进行了研究。通过对比该区十多年地下水补,迳,排情况,目前地下水水质与灰场灰水关系,明确了灰场水体阻滞区域地下水迳流是东邵庄村地质环境恶化的主要原因。笔者在总结前人治理灾害经验的基础上,提出了一些进一步的治理设想。     

城市雨水地下回灌过程中悬浮物表面堵塞规律

雨洪资源地下回灌是缓解城市供水压力、解决地下水过量开采引起环境负效应的有效途径之一,但堵塞问题却是制约回灌技术推广的关键问题。基于前人理论,研究了入渗介质与悬浮物粒径中值之比(D₅₀/d₅₀)对堵塞层空间分布的影响。以建立表面堵塞预测模型为目的,利用城市雨水回灌细粒石英砂介质开展室内实验,观测雨水回灌的表面堵塞过程并获取渗透性变化的观测数据。根据物理、化学与生物堵塞的产生条件及堵塞特点,判断雨水回灌产生的堵塞性质为物理堵塞。引入过滤模型描述堵塞的发展过程,确定了模型用于模拟细砂表面堵塞的参数值：孔隙堵塞系数（α）为0.15 m²/kg,阻力增长系数（f′R′）为20 000 m/kg。在不改变以上2个参数值的条件下,用该模型模拟不同悬浮物粒径悬浊水回灌细粒石英砂的堵塞过程,取得了较好的拟合效果。此过滤模型可以用于模拟入渗介质与悬浮物粒径D₅₀/d₅₀值小于5的表面堵塞的发展过程,可定量预测堵塞对回灌速率的影响。     

硝基苯在傍河地下水源地迁移转化的数值模拟研究

通过开展室内模拟实验研究,探讨硝基苯在傍河水源地的迁移规律、转化机理及其影响因素。在实验的基础上,构建描述硝基苯在傍河地下水源地迁移转化的数学模型。数值模拟结果表明：淤泥介质对硝基苯的吸附能力相对较高,硝基苯在淤泥中的线性吸附系数为0.526 cm³/g,在砂砾中的线性吸附系数为0.123 cm³/g;硝基苯在淤泥介质中的生物降解作用也明显大于在砂砾介质中,其在淤泥介质中的生物降解速率常数可达0.043 h^-1,而在砂砾介质中仅为0.002 h^-1。本次对室内硝基苯迁移转化实验的数值模拟效果较为理想,模拟结果对硝基苯在含水层中的迁移过程和转化规律进行了科学合理的量化描述,可将该模型进一步用于野外硝基苯迁移转化的模拟预测中。     

辽宁滨海河谷地下水库建设研究

在对辽宁滨海河谷区进行地下储水空间分类的基础上,从地下储水空间的结构特征、边界条件、库容确定及补给源方面论证了重点滨海河谷区建设地下水库的可行性.通过对构建地下水库的重点要素的分析,认为六股河、兴城河、复州河、登沙河滨海河谷区初步具备建设地下水库的条件.