投影寻踪模型在地下水水质评价中的应用

文中分析了常用的水体质量评价模型的缺陷,提出了基于序列二次规划算法SQP(Sequentialquadraticprogramming)的投影寻踪评价模型,并利用多项式插值的方法进行水质分类,取得了符合客观实际的评价结果。某水源地地下水质量评价结果表明:用投影寻踪方法可以揭示高维数据的结构特征;所建立的评价模型不仅简单、直观和易于理解,而且结果合理。为水源地的保护和合理利用提供了决策依据。     

应用水文地球化学方法分析郑家泉域水文地质条件

本文利用钻孔水化学数据和地球化学模拟方法,分析了郑家泉泉域基岩裂隙含水层各钻孔之间的水力联系和地下水补迳排特征。研究表明泉域北部的基岩裂隙含水层为条带状分布,到南部逐渐混合,郑家泉水的补给源主要来自西部和北部。     

小流域地下裂隙潜流对降雨入渗补给的响应特性

采用翻斗法自动量水技术和时域反射仪,对“岩土二元结构”小流域降雨过程、流域出口地下裂隙潜流以及坡地岩土水分的变化进行了测定与分析。试验结果表明,小流域坡地特有的岩土二元结构体具有较强的储、透水性能,小流域在前期坡地岩土水分平均为14.48%(埋深100cm范围内)的前提下,发生总降雨量170.25mm,降雨历时31h,平均强度5.5mmh的大暴雨,在小流域出口处未产生地表迳流;地下裂隙潜流对降雨具有明显的响应,起涨和回落过程均较为明显,峰值流量达到810Lh,是降雨前的32.4倍。因此,科学合理地利用“岩土二元结构”的水文地质特性对缓解洪峰的形成,降低洪灾具有重要作用,同时对山区的雨水资源化问题也具有重要的实际意义。     

大型抽水试验的水文地质意义

本文以山东省东阿县下马头水源地为实例,探讨了大型抽水试验的主要水文地质意义,包括:确定地下水的主要补给来源及方向,抽水影响范围及程度,水源地岩溶含水层的富水性及供水保证能力,水源地附近地下水与地表水之间的水力联系,水源地附近主要断裂构造的水力性质,水源地抽水对下游水源地的影响以及水文地质参数与水源地地下水允许开采量计算。     

山东省地下水超采漏斗发展演变分析

地下水超采漏斗是山东省平原区最为突出的环境问题.根据多年来地下水动态监测资料,简要分析了山东省平原区浅层地下水超采漏斗的发展过程、发展演变特征及发展原因,旨在为山东省地下水合理开发、有效保护、科学管理及有效控制地下水超采提供依据.     

地下水有机污染的环境伦理思考

主要介绍地下水有机污染的现状和危害,并结合环境伦理的宗旨、主流和主张探讨这一问题的产生根源.结果表明,地下水有机污染是由于人类在生产实践中破坏了人与自然的协调,违背环境伦理而造成.为了重新达到人与自然的协调,保持可持续发展,人类必须对地下水有机污染进行有效治理.     

Vulnerability of groundwater in Quaternary aquifers to organic contaminants: a case study in Wuhan City,China

More than 30 organic contaminants were detected in shallow groundwaters at Wuhan, the largest city in central China. Seriously contaminated groundwaters were from densely populated, industrial and commercial areas. Abnormal concentrations were found in groundwater from Hankou, downtown Wuhan: trimethylbenzene up to 29 μg/L, tetramethylbenzene up to 866 μg/L, and trichloroethene up to 9.5 μg/L. Benzene, Toluene, Ethylene and Xylene (BTEX) contamination of groundwater is serious and widespread at Wuhan, ranging between 0.14 and 25.0 μg/L. Considering the hydrogeological conditions of most Chinese cities, DRAMIC, a modified version of the widely used DRASTIC model, was proposed by the authors for assessing vulnerability of groundwater to contamination. The factors D, R, A and I in DRAMIC model are the same as in DRASTIC. The factor topography is ignored. The factor soil media is substituted by a new factor aquifer thickness (M) and the factor hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer by a new factor impact of contaminant (C). The equation for determining the DRAMIC Index is: DRAMIC = 5D _R + 3R _R + 4A _R + 2M _R + 5I _R + 1C _R. The calculated DRAMIC Index can be used to identify areas that are more likely to be susceptible to groundwater contamination relative to each other. The higher the DRAMIC Index is, the greater the groundwater pollution potential. Applying DRAMIC, a GIS-based vulnerability map for Wuhan city was prepared. Interestingly, places such as downtown Hankou, where enhanced concentrations of BTEX have been detected, correspond quite well with those with higher DRAMIC ratings.     

Tracer methods used to verify the hypothesis of Cvijić about the underground connection between Prespa and Ohrid Lake

Prespa Lake and Ohrid Lake constitute a hydraulic system shared between Albania, FYR of Macedonia and Greece. Karst rocks separate both lakes. The elevation of Prespa Lake is about 150 m higher than that of Ohrid Lake. Considering these facts, Cvijić formulated in 1906 the hypothesis that Prespa Lake recharges the St. Naum and Tushemisht springs at Ohrid lakeside. Environmental isotopes demonstrated that Prespa Lake recharges about 37–42 and 52–54% of water emerging in St. Naum, and Tushemisht springs, respectively. An artificial tracer experiment carried out in 2002 physically demonstrated the underground connection between both lakes. This experiment confirmed the supposed underground connection and brought important information about the groundwater velocity, transit time, and karst water conduits development.     

Groundwater-level Anomalies Associated with a Hypothetical Preslip Prior to the Anticipated Tokai Earthquake: Detectability Using the Groundwater Observation Network of the Geological Survey of Japan,AIST

We infer the groundwater-level anomalies associated with a hypothetical preslip prior to the anticipated M 8 Tokai earthquake, and evaluate the detectability of the anomalies using data from seven groundwater wells. We evaluate the detectability of the anomalies under the following assumptions: (1) an Mw 5.5–6.5 aseismic preslip event occurs at the plate boundary in and around the hypothetical focal zone of the Tokai earthquake; (2) the total amount of the strain step at each observation associated with the preslip can be calculated by tensile and shear faulting based on the dislocation model; (3) a normalized strain history associated with the preslip is defined from the results of numerical simulations based on rate- and state-dependent friction laws; and (4) the groundwater-level anomaly prior to the earthquake is proportional to the estimated history of the strain change associated with the preslip. We investigate the detection time of the anomaly at seven wells given an Mw 5.5, 6.0, or 6.5 aseismic preslip at one of the 272 grid points in and around the area of the hypothetical focal zone of the Tokai earthquake. As a result, over the time interval between 1 and 48 hours prior to the hypothetical Tokai earthquake, we are able to detect at each of the seven wells a hypothetical Mw 6.5 preslip at 10–86 of the 272 grid points, an Mw 6 preslip at 0–19 grid points, and an Mw 5.5 preslip at 0–5 grid points.     

江苏省锡山市西部地区地下水资源计算模型研究

从地下水运动均衡原理的角度分析江苏省锡山市西部地区第Ⅱ承压含水层天然和现状开采条件下的地下水均衡要素.揭示了该区地下水开采与地面沉降的关系,其中现状开采条件下的75%～80%的开采量来自于粘性土层的压密水量.根据地面沉降的发生机理剖析地面沉降严重发育地区忽略地面沉降影响因子建立的地下水资源计算模型中存在的问题针对存在的问题,提出了地下水可开采资源合理的计算方法,并对融有地面沉降影响因子的地下水资源计算模型的可实现性进行了分析.