既有桩基荷载对邻近浅埋隧道开挖效应及支护内力影响的研究

建立了包括地层模型、桩基荷载模型、浅埋隧道开挖模型和支护模型以及桩基荷载、地层压力、地层沉降、支护应变量测装置的平面应变模型试验系统;通过模型试验,研究了不同水平、竖向相对位置处的既有桩基荷载对附近浅埋隧道开挖引起的地层压力重分布、地层沉降及隧道支护内力的影响特征。另外,采用FLAC3D软件,对模型试验及不同工况进行了数值模拟。结果表明：（1）与没有桩基荷载的自由地层中的隧道开挖试验相比较,地层中的既有桩基荷载会明显地改变邻近浅埋隧道开挖引起的地层压力重分布、地层沉降及隧道支护内力;（2）对于桩径和水平相对距离都相同,但桩长不同的桩基荷载,桩长与隧道埋深比值为1.0时,对隧道开挖效应影响最大,二者比值小于1.0时,其影响程度随着比值的减小而减小,二者比值大于1.0时,桩长的改变对隧道开挖效应影响较小;（3）对于桩径和桩长都相同的桩基荷载,对地层压力、地层沉降及支护内力的影响随桩基荷载与隧道的水平距离的减小而增大,桩基荷载距隧道的水平距离与隧道直径比值介于0.5～4.0时,桩基荷载对隧道开挖效应影响较大,隧道较危险,比值介于4.0～6.0时,影响较小,比值＞6.0时,影响可以忽略不计。     

地质雷达方法检测隧道衬砌质量研究

在铁路、公路和电站等项目的建设中,隧道隐蔽工程所占比例较大。为了严格控制隧道的施工质量,检测方法由传统的破检向无损检测转变,并对无损检测的精度要求也越来越高。由于探地雷达技术具有高效率、高分辨率和异常图像直观等突出优点,因此,该方法广泛应用于隧道隐蔽工程的质量检测中。这里从地质雷达方法原理出发,从理论上研究了电磁波在隧道衬砌内的传播规律、反射能力和基本雷达图像特征,并结合工程实例,总结了正确判识各类雷达异常的经验,提出了常用的反演计算方法。     

广东省地面塌陷特征及防治对策

广东省的地面塌陷主要有自然塌陷及人为塌陷等2种类型。其中人为塌陷包括抽排水塌陷及采空区塌陷。地面塌陷的平面形态多呈圆形、椭圆形、长条形和不规则形等;剖面形态大致可分为竖井状、蝶状、漏斗状及坛状等。从区域上看,地面塌陷的分布特征受地形地貌、地质构造、地下水作用特征、岩溶发育程度、覆盖层条件和人类工程活动等的控制。探讨了广东省地面塌陷的防治对策。     

Analysis of a rigid footing lying on three-layered soil using the finite difference method

A numerical procedure is described for the analysis of the vertical deformation and the stress distribution of the strip footings on layered soil media. Three layers of soil with different stiffness are considered with the middle soil layer the thinnest and most stiff layer. The soil media is discretized and using the theory of elasticity, the governing differential equations are obtained in terms of vertical and horizontal displacements. These equations along with appropriate boundary and continuity conditions are solved by using the finite difference method. The vertical and horizontal displacements, strains and stresses are found at various nodes in the soil media. Parametric studies are carried out to study the effect of the placement depth of the middle soil layer, the relative ratios of the moduli of deformation of the soil layers on the vertical displacement of the footing and the vertical stress distribution. These studies reveal that the middle thin but very stiff layer acts like a plate and redistributes the stresses on the lower soft soil layer uniformly. The displacement on the top and bottom of the middle soil layer is almost the same showing that the compression of the middle layer is negligible as it is very stiff.     

Polarimetric scattering model for estimation of above ground biomass of multilayer vegetation using ALOS-PALSAR quad-pol data

Forests are important biomes covering a major part of the vegetation on the Earth, and as such account for seventy percent of the carbon present in living beings. The value of a forest’s above ground biomass (AGB) is considered as an important parameter for the estimation of global carbon content. In the present study, the quad-pol ALOS-PALSAR data was used for the estimation of AGB for the Dudhwa National Park, India. For this purpose, polarimetric decomposition components and an Extended Water Cloud Model (EWCM) were used. The PolSAR data orientation angle shifts were compensated for before the polarimetric decomposition. The scattering components obtained from the polarimetric decomposition were used in the Water Cloud Model (WCM). The WCM was extended for higher order interactions like double bounce scattering. The parameters of the EWCM were retrieved using the field measurements and the decomposition components. Finally, the relationship between the estimated AGB and measured AGB was assessed. The coefficient of determination (R²) and root mean square error (RMSE) were 0.4341 and 119 t/ha respectively.     

秦山核电站厂址地震动加速度时程预测研究

本文研究了建立设计地震震源模型和用理论地震学方法预测基岩场地震震加速度的技术途径，预测了四相设计地震事件在秦山核电站厂址的加速度时程和反应谱，文中根据对地质和历史地震资料的研究，确定不同性质的设计地震事件，建立设计地震震源和工作区介质的确定性模型，针对未来地震的不可完全预见性，以及对地球介质和震源性质现有认识的局限性，文中发展了确定性和随机性组合的综合分析方法，在用确定的介质模型和设计震源计算地震     

An approximate projection of availability of the fresh groundwater resources in the South West district of NCT Delhi, India: a case study

The future availability and sustainability of fresh groundwater resources in the South West district of the national capital territory (NCT) Delhi, India, have been projected. Due to a rapid decline in groundwater level and quality, the district has been required by the Government of India to regulate development of groundwater resources. Shallow groundwater is mostly saline and water resources in the area are limited. The methodology applied here involves microzonation of the district in terms of thickness of fresh groundwater and then quantification of present and future availability of freshwater in different freshwater zones, including tentative timescales. The calculation method has been aided by data on historic trends in water level at representative groundwater monitoring stations, located either in fresh groundwater zones or near to them. It is estimated that the presently available 481 million m³ of resources will be reduced to 374 million m³ by year 2007 and to 303 million m³ by the year 2012, and by the year 2022 the district will have only 176 million m³ of available fresh groundwater resources.     

合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量（D-InSAR）技术在多年冻土区地表变形监测中的应用

多年冻土区地表变形严重影响着区域内生态环境和工程设施的稳定性。合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量（differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar, D-InSAR）技术作为一种新型的空间对地观测技术, 为多年冻土区地表变形监测提供了新方法。通过近20年的不断深入研究, 利用D-InSAR技术的多年冻土区地表变形监测取得了大量研究成果。首先介绍了D-InSAR技术测量地表变形的理论基础, 进而概述了D-InSAR技术在多年冻土区地表变形测量中的应用现状, 然后总结了D-InSAR测量过程中存在的关键问题及可能的解决方法。在此认识和分析的基础上, 对D-InSAR技术今后在多年冻土区地表变形监测中的发展方向进行了探讨, 以期为D-InSAR技术在多年冻土区地表变形监测中的推广应用和深入研究提供参考。     

Distribution characteristics of zooplankton biomass in the East China Sea

On the basis of the data of oceanographic survey in the East China Sea in four seasons during 1997-2000 (23°30'~33°00'N, 118°30'-128°E), the variation of total biomass and diet biomass of zooplankton and their spatial-temporal distribution and relationship with the fishing ground of Engraulis japonicus are approached and analyzed. The results show that the average biomass is 65.32 mg/m3 in four seasons, autumn (86.18 mg/m3) being greater than summer (69.18 mg/m3) greater than spring (55.67 mg/m3) greater than winter (50.33 mg/m3). The average value of diet zooplankton biomass is 40.9 mg/m3. The trends of horizontal distribution both in the total biomass and the diet biomass of zooplankton are similar. The high biomass region (250-500 mg/m3) is very limited, only accounting for 1% of the investigation area. Seasonal variation of the biomass is very remarkable in the west and north parts of East China Sea coastal waters ( 29°30'N,125°E). The horizontal distribution of diet zooplankton depends on the     

基于探地雷达的土体构型无损探测方法研究

土体构型对土壤水分、溶质运移过程和作物成长等有显著影响,常规测量采用人工挖土壤剖面取样、实验室化验分析等方法,其周期长效率低。针对以上问题,以探地雷达波形及其图像为研究对象,从检测土体构型的属性(层次、层厚、土质)入手,提出了一种使用探地雷达快速测量土壤土体构型的无损探测方法。基于探地雷达波形图像的纵向梯度信息能够反应土壤分层,采用包络检波法从探地雷达回波中提取包络信号,利用Hilbert分析其瞬时相位来确定分层位置;鉴于土壤介电常数与雷达回波振幅的关系,采用探地雷达回波振幅反演各层介电常数,由介电常数推算雷达波在土壤中的传播速度,以此得到土壤剖面各层厚度;根据探地雷达波形图的图像噪声与土壤砂壤比之间存在定量关系,提出采用主成分分析方法对每一层土质的图像进行噪声估计求得各层土壤的含砂量,结合支持向量机进而辨识各层土壤土质。建立涵盖地域信息、土壤指标、探测信息、图像多特征融合信息的土体构型知识库,并编制快速识别土壤土体构型的信息系统,在内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市周边2个试验基地、6个采样点、4类土壤土体构型使用该方法进行野外探测验证。研究表明:在上述地区地表以下1 m范围内的土体构型识别正确...