冷泉系统甲烷气体渗漏的声学特征及潜在环境效应

The amount of methane leaked from deep sea cold seeps is enormous and potentially affects the global warming,ocean acidification and global carbon cycle. It is of great significance to study the methane bubble movement and dissolution process in the water column and its output to the atmosphere. Methane bubbles produce strong acoustic impedance in water bodies, and bubble strings released from deep sea cold seeps are called "gas flares"which expressed as flame-like strong backscatter in the water column. We characterized the morphology and movement of methane bubbles released into the water using multibeam water column data at two cold seeps. The result shows that methane at site I reached 920 m water depth without passing through the top of the gas hydrate stability zone(GHSZ, 850 m), while methane bubbles at site II passed through the top of the GHSZ(597 m) and entered the non-GHSZ(above 550 m). By applying two methods on the multibeam data, the bubble rising velocity in the water column at sites I and II were estimated to be 9.6 cm/s and 24 cm/s, respectively. Bubble velocity is positively associated with water depth which is inferred to be resulted from decrease of bubble size during methane ascending in the water. Combined with numerical simulation, we concluded that formation of gas hydrate shells plays an important role in helping methane bubbles entering the upper water bodies, while other factors, including water depth, bubble velocity, initial kinetic energy and bubble size, also influence the bubble residence time in the water and the possibility of methane entering the atmosphere. We estimate that methane gas flux at these two sites is 0.4×10~6–87.6×10~6 mol/a which is extremely small compared to the total amount of methane in the ocean body, however, methane leakage might exert significant impact on the ocean acidification considering the widespread distributed cold seeps. In addition, although methane entering the atmosphere is not observed, further research is still needed to understand its potential impact on increasing methane concentration in the surface seawater and gas-water interface methane exchange rate, which consequently increase the greenhouse effect.     

雪宝顶区块流域钙华形成的生物作用研究

钙华不仅具有重要的景观旅游价值,而且对确定区内碳酸盐沉积特征、环境演化规律及同期环境生物的作用与贡献有重要的研究意义。本文在对比国内外典型钙华特征的基础上,以黄龙和九寨沟为例,对雪宝顶区块流域内钙华的沉积特征、环境化学与生物作用进行阐述,指出了雪宝顶区块流域冷水型钙华的形成与演化是化学沉积-溶解作用、生物沉积与溶蚀作用等共同作用的结果,并受非生物、生物因素影响。在雪宝顶冷水型钙华的形成过程中,微生物协同参与了钙华的沉积与溶蚀过程,通过自身新陈代谢促活动促使使钙离子结晶,并诱导晶型变化;其他生物体如植物、藻类等或以间接的方式促进或加快了钙华形成,或为钙华生长提供模板和体量。     

煤层气开采对环境的影响

煤层气是一种廉价、洁净、高效的新型能源,其开发利用可以弥补常规天然气和燃油的不足,750m^3煤层气可顶替1t标准煤。煤层气开发对环境的影响主要是减少了煤矿甲烷气体的排放,降低温室效应。其负面影响是在钻探、压裂、回注水和提纯过程中会造成煤层和煤层气中杂质气体和有毒有害物质富集,对大气和地下水造成污染。     

天津海域围填海工程对渤海湾水交换的影响研究

利用三维海洋数值模型FVCOM,进行渤海湾三维水动力和水交换数值模拟,经实测潮汐和潮流资料验证,模型模拟结果较好。然后采用该模型对渤海湾内的水体水交换能力进行定量研究。研究结果表明,在天津海域进行围填海工程之前渤海湾水体的半交换周期为300 d左右,围填海之后,水体半交换周期延长25 d,渤海湾西部水体的水交换率下降可达10%,半交换周期延长92 d。尤其是天津沿海南部海域的水交换能力下降严重,围填海之后其水体半交换周期延长可达200 d。渤海湾北部也有部分海域水交换周期延长达200 d。建议在进行围填海工程建设时,应将工程对水体交换能力的影响纳入考虑,避免因围填海工程因素造成的恶劣环境影响。     

基于遥感影像的哈尔滨市城市热环境变化

以Landsat TM/ETM+为基本数据源,利用遥感和GIS技术定量反演了哈尔滨市1989和2000年的地面亮温和植被指数(NDVI),对标准化地面亮温分级数据进行热力景观指数计算,研究城市热场分布的空间格局、时空变化规律和不同植被指数(NDVI)等级下热环境的变化特征.结果表明:1989和2000年哈尔滨市建成区均存在显著的热岛效应,2000年建成区热岛效应增强,哈尔滨市总体地面亮温升高;热力景观日趋破碎,各景观类型受干扰程度较大,处于很不稳定的状态.NDVI与地面亮温的负相关性随着植被覆盖度的升高而增大;植被覆盖度与地面亮温的空间变异呈负相关.     

三江并流世界自然遗产地旅游地质景观成景地质作用初步分析

三江并流世界自然遗产地丰富独特的旅游地质景观是多种地质作用与不同成景岩组交互叠加作用的结果。其发育的地层基础主要为碳酸盐成景岩组、变质岩成景岩组、碎屑岩成景岩组以及岩浆岩成景岩组等,典型内力成景地质作用为板块缝合作用、断裂成景作用、变质成景作用,外力作用则主要有河流、冰川、丹霞、地热、喀斯特作用等。     

三峡大坝会减小东海的上升流和生产力吗?——敬复王保栋、孙霞两位指教

2000年笔者利用很简单的一维稳态箱式模型,指出若三峡大坝减少了流入东海的淡水量,则将减少东海陆棚边缘涌升的黑潮次表层水.由于黑潮次表层水饱含营养盐,因此若涌升速率降低了,涌升至东海大陆架的营养盐也就跟着降低,从而影响生物生产力及渔获.王、孙二位提出了不同的看法,并正确地指出了一维稳态箱式模型过度简化所导致的若干问题.然而,王、孙二位似乎对大陆架上之浮力效应原理有所误解,因而误以为浮力效应原理与箱式模型所得推论相反.     

Conditional Simulation of Random Fields with Bivariate Gamma Isofactorial Distributions

This work focuses on a random function model with gamma marginal and bivariate isofactorial distributions, which has been applied in mining geostatistics for estimating recoverable reserves by disjunctive kriging. The objective is to widen its use to conditional simulation and further its application to the modeling of continuous attributes in geosciences. First, the main properties of the bivariate gamma isofactorial distributions are analyzed, with emphasis in the destructuring of the extreme values, the presence of a proportional effect (higher variability in high-valued areas), and the asymmetry in the spatial correlation of the indicator variables with respect to the median threshold. Then, we provide examples of stationary random functions with such bivariate distributions, for which the shape parameter of the marginal distribution is half an integer. These are defined as the sum of squared independent Gaussian random fields. An iterative algorithm based on the Gibbs sampler is proposed to perform the simulation conditional to a set of existing data. Such ‘multivariate chi-square’ model generalizes the well-known multigaussian model and is more flexible, since it allows defining a shape parameter which controls the asymmetry of the marginal and bivariate distributions.     

台风对海洋叶绿素a浓度影响的定量遥感初探

研究台风对海洋水色环境的影响,是目前海洋遥感技术又一应用领域。由于台风期间天气恶劣,遥感资料较少,国际上主要针对个别典型台风,研究其对海表温度、海洋叶绿素a浓度及初级生产力的影响,很少通过遥感资料系统地对这一影响进行定量分析和建模。自2000到2007年,过境中国近海以及西北太平洋海域台风近百次,作者通过系统地分析这期间MODIS,SeaWiFS的3A级叶绿素a浓度数据,结果发现:(1)台风促进了相应海域叶绿素a浓度的大幅增长,总体上平均增长约1.426倍,个别区域在5倍以上,同时,该增长一般延后3~6d,在7~10d后恢复到原来的水平;(2)进一步对这些数据进行一元统计线性回归,发现叶绿素a浓度增长比(R_chl-a)与台风影响因子(Tsub>w)满足如下关系:R_chl-a=0.0012Tsub>w+1.017,其相关系数达0.8;(3)台风期间叶绿素a浓度与无台风时叶绿素a浓度之间有很强的线性关系,其关系满足:C_chl-a=1.2367C_0chl-a+0.0636,且相关系数高达0.98。这一初步研究结果对进一步通过遥感手段深入研究台风对海洋水色环境的影响有借鉴意义。     

THE ANALYSIS OF MECHANISM OF IMPACT OF AEROSOLS ON EAST ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON INDEX AND ONSET

RegCM4.3, a high-resolution regional climate model, which includes five kinds of aerosols(dust, sea salt,sulfate, black carbon and organic carbon), is employed to simulate the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) from 1995 to 2010 and the simulation data are used to study the possible impact of natural and anthropogenic aerosols on EASM.The results show that the regional climate model can well simulate the EASM and the spatial and temporal distribution of aerosols. The EASM index is reduced by about 5% by the natural and anthropogenic aerosols and the monsoon onset time is also delayed by about a pentad except for Southeast China. The aerosols heat the middle atmosphere through absorbing solar radiation and the air column expands in Southeast China and its offshore areas. As a result, the geopotential height decreases and a cyclonic circulation anomaly is generated in the lower atmosphere. Northerly wind located in the west of cyclonic circulation weakens the low-level southerly wind in the EASM region. Negative surface radiative forcing due to aerosols causes downward motion and an indirect meridional circulation is formed with the low-level northerly wind and high-level southerly wind anomaly in the north of 25° N in the monsoon area, which weakens the vertical circulation of EASM. The summer precipitation of the monsoon region is significantly reduced,especially in North and Southwest China where the value of moisture flux divergence increases.