准行政区划的理论框架与研究展望

行政区划有狭义与广义之分.狭义的行政区划指国家划定的正式的行政管理区域,广义的则指一切具有行政管理职能的区域,包括一些未被列入正式行政区划体系而有行政管理职能的准行政区划.准行政区划为中国统一的行政管理提供了因地制宜和灵活多变的政策工具,很多还逐步发展为正式的行政区划.然而,目前对准行政区划的研究较少、重视不够.为此,...     

Climate change and the water–energy–food nexus: insights from policy and practice in Tanzania

The threat of climate change is emerging at a time of rapid growth for many economies in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Dominant narratives comprising ambitious development plans are common and often based around sectors with strong inter-dependencies that are highly exposed to climate variability. Using document analysis and key informant interviews, this article examines how climate change is addressed in policy, how it is being mainstreamed into water, energy and agriculture sector policies and the extent to which cross-sectoral linkages enable coordinated action. These questions are addressed through a case study of Tanzania, highlighting broader lessons for other developing countries, particularly those in SSA facing similar challenges. The article finds that, while the agriculture and water sectors are increasingly integrating climate change into policies and plans in Tanzania, practical coordination on adaptation remains relatively superficial. Publication of the Tanzania National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA) in 2007 marked a step change in the integration of climate change in sectoral policies and plans; however, it may have reinforced a sectoral approach to climate change. Examining the policies for coherence highlights overlaps and complementarities which lend themselves to a coordinated approach. Institutional constraints (particularly structures and resources) restrict opportunities for inter-sectoral action and thus collaboration is confined to ad hoc projects with mixed success to date. The results highlight the need for institutional frameworks that recognize and address these constraints to enable development goals to be pursued in a more sustainable and climate-resilient manner.

KEY POLICY INSIGHTS

• The NAPA has been successful at encouraging climate change mainstreaming into sectoral policies in Tanzania; however, the cross-sectoral collaboration crucial to implementing adaptation strategies remains limited due to institutional challenges such as power imbalances, budget constraints and an ingrained sectoral approach.

• Collaboration between nexus sectors in Tanzania is largely through ad hoc projects with limited progress on establishing deeper connections to enable collaboration as a process. Regular cross-sectoral planning meetings and consistent annual budgets could provide a platform to enhance cross-sectoral coordination.

• Plans to develop hydropower and agriculture are prevalent across sub-Saharan Africa. Insights from Tanzania highlight the importance of institutional and policy frameworks that enable cross-sectoral coordination.

     

世界排放大国CO2排放和GDP的格兰杰因果分析及其对国际气候治理的影响和意义

基于1990—2015年世界前20个排放大国碳排放量和国内生产总值（GDP）的时间序列数据,采用协整分析、格兰杰因果检验,对主要排放大国碳排放与经济增长之间的关系进行了实证分析。通过协整分析得出大多数国家的碳排放量与经济增长之间存在长期均衡关系;碳排放量和GDP的格兰杰检验结果显示,大多数世界排放大国碳排放与经济增长之间存在单向因果关系。发达国家主要表现为经济增长是碳排放的格兰杰原因,发展中国家则主要表现为碳排放是经济增长的格兰杰原因。研究结果反映了发达国家和发展中国家在碳减排问题上的阶段性特征,碳减排对发展中国家经济发展的负面影响明显大于发达国家。基于格兰杰因果分析结果,国际气候治理进程中关于要求发展中国家现阶段提出大幅减排目标的诉求不符合发展中国家发展阶段特征,可能影响发展中国家经济发展的正常秩序和规律。发达国家基于历史排放责任、发展阶段和能力,都应该带头开展减排行动,并帮助发展中国家实现转型、升级发展,降低经济发展对碳排放的依赖。国际气候治理需要根据并考虑不同国家的发展需求和特征,形成国际合作制度安排,实现社会经济发展与全球气候治理的协同。     

基于传统文化的河道景观治理应用研究

探讨传统文化在河道景观治理工程中的应用。首先,分析了国内有关河道景观设计的研究现状,引出了基于传统文化的河道景观治理理念;其次,以泗河---曲阜段的河道景观治理为例,依托其深厚的地域特色文化底蕴,以孔子提倡的儒家文化为纽带,以儒家“中庸”思想作为设计理念和依据,以“儒风”、“书院”、“英杰”、“六经”等史迹、史料为线索,借由抽象的方式表达出儒家“中庸”的思想本质,展现孔子时期传承教化的历史画卷以及先贤的古朴遗风,同时塑造出自然与人文和谐共存的标志性景观图式;结果表明：将传统文化的延续性与都市生活的现代性有机地融合,重现了河流原有的、多姿多彩的自然风情,实现了河流“生态性”和”城市性”的平衡统一,打造了“充满活力和文化的河流”,赋予了河流“生命和灵魂”。     

基于全域土地综合整治的乡村空间治理——以山东省淄博市沂源县流水片区为例

乡村空间治理是国土空间治理的重要组成部分，全域土地综合整治是实施乡村空间治理的重要手段。乡村空间治理从要素上是对山水林田湖草等自然资源要素的治理，从功能空间上是对生态空间、生产空间和生活空间的治理。以山东省沂源县流水片区为例，探讨基于全域土地综合整治的乡村空间治理路径和方式。乡村生态空间治理，首先构建乡村生态空间网络，强化重要生态空间保护，注重山体、水系等生态空间修复；其次，优化产业发展布局，促进特色产业规模化发展；再次，优化村落空间结构形态、完善街巷空间组织、增加公共活动空间、营造温馨庭院空间，使得人们能够“望得见青山，看得见绿水，记得住乡愁”。     

Thirty years on: Planetary climate planning and the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee

On the occasion of the thirtieth anniversary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, this principal supra-national institution remains paramount to the project of planetary climate planning and governance. Reflections on this anniversary should serve to recall the contestations through which this foundational institution was formed, and the delegate dynamics that continue to be reproduced in its wake. The contentious debates and political dynamics that afflicted the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee tasked with crafting the Framework Convention on Climate Change, as well as dissension in the periphery, remain as relevant today as they were three decades ago. Reprising these dynamics through detailed historical and archival analysis, this article excavates the negotiations of the 1992 Framework Convention on Climate Change by the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee, which met in 5 sessions during 1991–1992. The aim is to identify key fault-lines and conflicts in the lead-up to the finalization of the 1992 Convention, in order to demonstrate whose epistemic and normative commitments came to be reflected in the final outcome and to show how the legacy of this process endures to date. I seek to render visible actors and proposals peripheralized in the formation of planetary climate governance to extrapolate normative boundaries and proffer heterodox lessons from the margins.