祁连山摆浪河谷地的冰川地貌与冰期

祁连山摆浪河上游是一个以前研究者未曾涉足的地方，我们在这里发现6套保存完好的古冰川沉积和与之对应的冰水阶地以及上覆较厚的黄土 堆积，根据地貌地层学研究和^14C、TL、ESR测年，确认它们分别代表了小冰期、新冰期、同位素2阶段、4阶段、6阶段和12阶段6次冰川作用，是迄今在祁连山地区发现的相对比较确定的清晰齐全的第四纪冰川序列，发生于氧同位素12阶段的中梁赣冰期，表明抬升中的祁连山至少于460kaBP前与冰期气候耦合，进入了当时的冰冻圈。     

Ice-marginal environment and ecosystem prior to initial advance of the late Palaeozoic ice sheet in the Mount Butters area of the central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica

Basal rocks of the Upper Carboniferous to Lower Permian Pagoda Formation at Mount Butters provide an unusual view of periglacial conditions in the central Transantarctic Mountains region prior to the initial advance of the Gondwanide ice sheet. These rocks were deposited on a high relief unconformity that developed on granite. Deposition within relief on the unconformity, possibly in the lee of a granite buttress, protected the rocks from erosion during subsequent overriding by the ice sheet. The succession reflects deposition in a glacial‐fed to ice‐contact lake that contained a freshwater crustacean fauna. Centimetre‐ to decimetre‐scale basal layers include breccia and coarse‐grained sandstone. The occurrence of breccia resting on weathered granite suggests sedimentation as scree and as mass flow deposits. Overlying decimetre‐to metre‐scale stratified diamictites interbedded with metre‐scale, coarsening‐upward successions of siltstone to cross‐laminated sandstone suggest lacustrine deposition by suspension settling, rain out of ice‐rafted debris, and deltaic progradation. Thin zones with abundant conchostracans and/or with prolific trace fossils, in addition to less common remains of other crustaceans, attest to the presence of a low diversity benthic fauna. Conchostracans are concentrated in a series of thin beds that reflect moderately lengthy, perhaps seasonal, periods of free‐flowing water. Patchy vertical and lateral distribution of intense bioturbation and profuse trace fossils probably reflect repeated colonization events during times of favourable environmental conditions. Massive diamictite overlies the basal rocks and indicates that the ice‐marginal lake was subsequently overridden by the late Palaeozoic ice sheet. Occurrences of lodgement till, glacitectonite and deformation till suggest deposition from temperate or warm‐based ice, whereas underlying lacustrine and deltaic deposits, along with a crustacean and trace fossil fauna, suggest temperate periglacial conditions. Previous studies have stressed that upper Palaeozoic glacigenic deposits in Antarctica, and in Gondwanaland, record deglaciation events. In contrast, rocks at Mt. Butters provide an unusual glimpse into an ice‐margin lake and its fauna just prior to ice sheet advance.     

冰臼与壶穴之争述评

一些地质学家在粤东揭西和丰顺所发现的U形谷、冰碛物和石海等第四纪冰川遗迹的证据不足，该区成群出现的“冰臼”，实际上是河床基岩为河流侵蚀所形成的壶穴。控制壶穴形成的构造、岩性、地貌和河流作用等条件，文中作了较为充分的论述。粤西北封开一怀集地区已发现一系列第四纪冰川遗迹，因此广东的第四纪冰川问题，今后仍值得进一步研究。     

Correlation between high-resolution climate records from a Nanjing stalagmite and GRIP ice core during the last glaciation

A 400-mm-long stalagmite from Tangshan Cave, Nanjing has been analyzed by a high-precision TIMS-U series dating method and also determined for oxygen and carbon stable isotopic compositions. The results provided a high-resolution paleoclimate record for eastern China during a time interval (from 54 000 to 19 000 aBP) of the last glaciation. The continuous record of oxygen-18 variations in the stalagmite, indicating a precipitation history of the East Asian monsoon, shows not only signals of the Heinrich events, but also the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles which are first found in the last glacial climate record of the East Asian monsoon area. Although the stalagmite-based climatic signals match well with the GRIP ice core record, some differences between the two records can be recognized: (1) The last glacial climate changes in eastern China exhibited a long-term remarkably cooling trend, superimposed on which were four successive Bond’s cycles illustrated by the δ¹⁸O curve. This strong cooling tendency may be an effect of the strong summer monsoon event during the MIS 3 over the Tibetan Plateau. (2) There exist some phase differences of 1000–2000 years between the cooling events in the stalagmite-based climate signal and the GRIP ice core record. Such differences should be further verified by calibrations of multiple dating methods     

Physiographic and geological characteristics of shelves in north and west of Taiwan

In north of Taiwan the East China Sea Shelf extends from the coastline of mainland China to the southern Okinawa Trough, showing a shelf-slope-basin bathymetric profile. Sea floor of the East China Sea Shelf is generally smooth and flat. It is wide (230 km) and relatively shallow with an average shelf-break depth of 120 m, reflecting the effect of Quaternary glaciation about 15000 years ago. The Pliocene-Quaternary East China Sea Shelf is underlain by thin sequences of about 1000 m thick shallow marine sediments mainly derived from China, forming an eastward dipping sedimentary wedge due to regional tilting and subsidence and representing the youngest part of the Cenozoic rift margin in southeastern China. The Taiwan Strait Shelf has two phases in development: one is the early phase of the Paleocene-Miocene rift margin and the other is the late stage of the Pliocene-Quaternary foreland sedimentation. It is a foreland shelf and its present morphology results from the combined effects of tectonic subsidence and sedimentation overprinting that of the Late Pleistocene glaciation about 15000 years ago.     

西藏吉隆盆地的新构造运动及第四纪冰川

吉隆盆地七级阶地和一级山顶剥蚀面的存在说明：本区自早更新世沉积贡巴砾岩后，新构造运动抬升有８次，其中以早更新世Ｑ＿１晚期至中更新世Ｑ＿２抬升最强，共５次，相对于吉隆河河面（盆地基准面）的抬升幅度８９６ｍ；晚更新世Ｑ＿３和全新世Ｑ＿４两者共３次的抬升幅度较小（计７４ｍ）．区内第四纪以来经历过４次冰期：２次发生在Ｑ＿１晚期至Ｑ－２，２次分别出现于Ｑ＿３，Ｑ＿４．从漂砾数量推断，以Ｑ＿３冰期规模最大，Ｑ＿４冰期规模次之．     

哈纳斯湖地区地貌与湖的成因

哈纳斯湖位于阿尔泰山深处,最大水深188.5m,平均水深122.1m。横断面具典型的箱形形态,在其底部存在现代活动地堑。湖盆的成因是强烈的构造断陷加上山谷冰川的创蚀及终碛垄的堰塞。随着终绩垄被出流下切,湖泊面积变小。     

Studies of Cainozoic environmental change in Tasmania and coastal East Antarctica: a review

Observational studies on Cainozoic environmental changes in both Tasmania and East Antarctica have led to important modifications in the accepted interpretation of the history of glaciation for each area. Many contributors have played an important role in the processes of investigation leading to the present state of knowledge. A crucial role has been played by the integration of the methods of glacial geomorphology, stratigraphy, sedimentology and dating methods. From studies based on combinations of these approaches, a model of multiple glaciations has been developed to explain observed features in Tasmania. This model is complemented by studies of vegetation history, largely through pollen analysis. A less complete picture of the history of ice‐sheet fluctuations in East Antarctica is beginning to emerge from similar applications of cross‐disciplinary studies.     

Lithostratigraphy of the Mérida (Wisconsinan) glaciation and Pedregal interstade, Mérida Andes, northwestern Venezuela

At Pedregal, more than 40 m of sediments are exposed within a ‘fan complex’ formed between lateral moraines of the adjacent Mucuchache and El Caballo valleys. Early and late Mérida (Wisconsinan) glaciations are represented by till and till plus proglacial sediments, respectively. A middle Wisconsinan interstadial event, here termed the Pedregal interstade, began at the end of the Early Mérida glaciation at approximately 60 ka BP. Following the retreat of ice from the small Pedregal Basin, a lake formed when the local drainage was blocked due to movement of the Mesa de Caballo along the Boconó Fault. Shallow lake or no-lake phases lasted approximately a few hundred to, at most, 2000 years, and each lake phase was marked by peat accumulation. Four of seven peats identified formed during sufficiently long intervals for soil profiles (incipient to mature Spodosols) also to develop. The Spodosol with the strongest development (Eb/Bsb/Coxb/Cub horizons) is found adjacent to the lowest peat and reflects ongoing early Mérida stadial (MIS 3) conditions; the youngest peats, associated with weak podzolic soils (Eb/Bsb horizons), formed under slightly warmer interstadial conditions, presumably with less soil water. Cyclic lacustrine deposition is related to lake level and relative depth fluctuations, due in part to variable shoreline/delta progradation and shallowing as the lake deepened in general. Whereas final drainage of the lake is related to movement of the Boconó Fault and breach of the moraines that form the Mesa de Caballo, earlier lake level fluctuations appear related to climate change. Radiocarbon dating of the peats suggests they are related to warmer periods and may tentatively correlate with small ‘interstadials’ or ‘D-O events’ detected in the oxygen-isotope record of Greenland ice cores and North Atlantic marine sediments.     

Glacier Distribution in the Alps: Statistical Modelling of Altitude and Aspect

Mass balance of glaciers in mountain areas varies not only with altitude and regional position but also with aspect, gradient, glacier size, glacier type and detailed topographic position. These factors are combined here in models of how glacier altitude varies, tested with data for the Alps edited from the World Glacier Inventory. An overall northward tendency in glacier numbers (toward 005 ± 4°) and lower altitudes (013 ± 5°) is maintained across a range of glacier sizes, types, altitudes and the major divisions of the Alps. Variation with aspect of glacier altitude (and, by implication, of glacier balance) in the Alps is essentially unimodal, and north‐facing glaciers average 220 m lower in middle altitude than south‐facing: 148 m in the Western Alps, 232 m in the West‐central, 252 m in the East‐central, and 268 m in the Eastern Alps. For smaller subdivisions, confidence intervals on estimates are broader and many differences lack statistical significance. Contrasts are greater in the higher massifs, with greater relief, and lower in cloudy, windward areas. There are small windrelated tendencies east of north along the northern and western fringes, but trends across space are weak: position is thus treated by subdivision into districts and groups. Mid‐altitude averages 2891 m overall and varies from 2552 to 3127 m for 27 glacier districts, and from 2124 to 3209 m for 103 glacier groups. Glacier mid‐altitude varies also with glacier form, nourishment, height range and area, which account for over two‐thirds of variance in combined models.