海冰爬坡和堆积行为的试验研究

对于浅海区采油平台等设施常采用斜坡式人工岛形式,虽然在一定程度上起到降低海冰对平台的作用,但是海冰沿着斜坡上爬至平台并形成堆积,同样也会对平台设施造成破坏,因此有必要对海冰堆积爬坡的关键参数进行研究。通过在冰排前进方向放置混凝土实体结构物模拟海冰堆积和爬坡过程,分析了模型冰爬坡和下滑角度、最大堆积高度等关键参数以及模型冰断裂长度的统计特性及其与变形模量的关系,试验结果表明水位越高,冰排越容易发生堆积爬坡。破碎的模型冰在结构物前堆积后,形成爬坡角和下滑角。爬坡角随着堆积体的增大而增大,下滑角则逐渐减小。堆积冰高度一定时,高度不再增加,在来冰方向会形成新的堆积。这种现象为浅海区海上结构物的防冰减灾提供了新思路。     

Numerical simulation of solitary and randomwave propagation through vegetation based on VOFmethod

A vertical two-dimensional numerical model has been applied to solving the Reynolds Averaged Navier- Stokes （RANS} equations in the simulation of current and wave propagation through vegetated and non- vegetated waters. The k-e model is used for turbulence closure of RANS equations. The effect of vegeta- tion is simulated by adding the drag force of vegetation in the flow momentum equations and turbulence model. To solve the modified N-S equations, the finite difference method is used with the staggered grid system to solver equations. The Youngs＇ fractional volume of fluid （VOF） is applied tracking the free sur- face with second-order accuracy. The model has been tested by simulating dam break wave, pure current with vegetation, solitary wave runup on vegetated and non-vegetated channel, regular and random waves over a vegetated field. The model reasonably well reproduces these experimental observations, the model- ing approach presented herein should be useful in simulating nearshore processes in coastal domains with vegetation effects.     

波浪骑士数据在高度计有效波高检验中的再处理

以2011年10～11月南海现场试验得到的9次波浪骑士测量数据,进行波浪骑士再处理与默认计算结果比对。比对结果表明两者平均误差为0.16m,均方根误差为0.32m,分析产生误差的原因在于波浪骑士默认计算有效波高时间段的中心与卫星过境时间不统一和未进行数据质量控制。研究表明在卫星高度计有效波高产品检验中,波浪骑士测量的有效波高需要进行再处理,以达到减少卫星高度计有效波高检验误差的目的。     

丹东形变观测洞室改造

“十五”期间,为了新增水管仪、伸缩仪,丹东地震台对形变观测洞室进行了环境改造,新建了仪器基墩,解决了建造仪器基墩过程中遇到的施工难题,为水管仪和伸缩仪运行提供了良好的观测条件。文中介绍的方法对其他台站建造仪器基墩有一定借鉴意义。     

Field Measurements and Numerical Simulations of the 2004 Tsunami Impact on the East Coast of Sri Lanka

This paper employs a numerical model of tsunami propagation together with documented observations and field measurements of the evidence left behind by the tsunami in December 2004, to identify and interpret the factors that have contributed to the significant spatial variability of the level of tsunami impact along the coastal belt of the eastern province of Sri Lanka. The model results considered in the present analysis include the distribution of the amplitude of the tsunami and the pattern of wave propagation over the continental shelf off the east coast, while the field data examined comprise the maximum water levels measured at or near the shoreline, the horizontal inundation distances and the number of housing and other buildings damaged. The computed maximum amplitude of the tsunami at water points nearest the shoreline along the east coast shows considerable variation ranging from 2.2 m to 11.4 m with a mean value of 5.7 m; moreover, the computed amplitudes agree well with the available field measurements. We also show that the shelf bathymetry off the east coast, particularly the submarine canyons at several locations, significantly influences the near-shore transformation of tsunami waves, and consequently, the spatial variation of the maximum water levels along the coastline. The measured values of inundation also show significant variation along the east coast and range from 70 m to 4560 m with a median value of 700 m. Our analyses of field data also show the dominant influence of the coastal topography and geomorphology on the extent of tsunami inundation. Furthermore, the measured inundation distances indicate no apparent correlation with the computed tsunami heights at the respective locations. We also show that both the computed tsunami heights and the measured inundation distances for the east coast closely follow the log-normal statistical distribution.     

500 hPa高度场上两极和赤道位势高度气候演变规律的研究

本文运用近50 a来500 hPa层次上南极、赤道和北极位势高度以及南北半球西风指数的资料,分析了它们的时间演变规律及其相互间的关系.结果表明,南极位势高度显著下降;赤道位势高度显著上升.南极、赤道和北极位势高度都存在着显著的年际、年代际变化特征.总体上,南极位势高度与赤道位势高度有极其显著的负相关关系,北极与赤道的位势高度之间以及两极位势高度之间相关关系不显著;在共振的特定频率中,北极位势高度振荡落后于南极位势高度,赤道位势高度振荡又落后于两极位势高度振荡,气候变化最先开始的区域为南极地区.进一步分析表明,伴随着以上三个区域的位势高度趋势变化及其周期振荡,必然引起高空西风的增强与周期振荡.研究表明,南北两半球西风指数都存在显著的上升趋势,且存在显著的年代际变化特征.其中,南半球西风指数上升幅度较北半球大,其振荡落后于南极位势高度.     

新疆河流年径流量对夏季0C层高度变化的响应

According to climate features and river runoff conditions, Xinjiang could be divided into three research areas: The Altay-Tacheng region, the Tianshan Mountain region and the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains. Utilizing daily observations from 12 sounding stations and the annual runoff dataset from 34 hydrographical stations in Xinjiang for the period 1960-2002, the variance of the summertime 0℃ level height and the changing trends of river runoff are analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively, through trend contrast of curves processed by a 5-point smoothing procedure and linear correlation. The variance of the summertime 0℃ level height in Xinjiang correlates well with that of the annual river runoff,especially since the early 1990s, but it differs from region to region, with both the average height of the 0℃ level and runoff quantity significantly increasing over time in the Altay-Tacheng and Tianshan Mountain regions but decreasing on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains. The correlation holds for the whole of Xinjiang as well as the three individual regions, with a 0.01 significance level. This indicates that in recent years, climate change in Xinjiang has affected not only the surface layer but also the upper levels of the atmosphere, and this raising and lowering of the summertime 0℃ level has a direct impact on the warming and wetting process in Xinjiang and the amount of river runoff. Warming due to climate change increases the height of the 0℃ level, but also speeds up, ice-snow melting in mountain regions, which in turn increases river runoff, leading to a season of plentiful water instead of the more normal low flow period.     

华南冬季异常冷月预测概念模型Ⅰ──500 hPa高度场和海温场特征

确定了近４５年华南冬季异常冷月出现的时间,分析了其同期至前期６个月５００ｈＰａ位势高度场和海温场的特征。各异常冷月当月５００ｈＰａ高度场有相似的特征,亚洲－太平洋地区高度场的特征是北高南低,经向环流发展,给出了前期５００ｈＰａ高度场差异显著月的距平特征。华南冬季各异常冷月至其前期６个月海温距平分布有持续性的特征,１月及其前期１～６个月赤道东太平洋ＳＳＴ呈ＥｌＮｉｎｏ特征,２月和１２月呈Ｌａ Ｎｉｎ     

和田河夏季流量对区域0℃层高度变化的响应

利用和田市气象站的0℃层高度,和田河上游乌鲁瓦提和同古孜洛克水文站的实测流量资料,以及NCEP/NCAR 500 hPa月平均温度资料,分析了和田河夏季流量的变化、同期流域内0℃层高度情况以及500 hPa温度的特征。结果显示：1961-2004年,和田河夏季流量、和田站0℃层高度均呈不显著的线性下降趋势,在1979年分别出现了由丰到枯、由高到低的突变。和田河夏季流量典型偏丰、偏枯年同期500 hPa温度距平场有显著差异。在年代际和年际尺度上,和田河夏季流量对流域内0℃层高度变化都有明显的响应。