智利艾斯康迪达铜矿床地质特征与成矿模式

艾斯康迪达矿床是位于智利北部安第斯铜矿带的世界第三大斑岩型铜矿床,铜储量3156.7×104t,其形成主要与始新世晚期—渐新世的石英二长岩-花岗闪长斑岩岩株有关,构造上受多梅科断层系统的控制。该矿床拥有典型斑岩型铜钼矿床的热液蚀变类型,包括钾长石化、黑云母化、石英-绿泥石-绢云母化、泥化与青磐岩化。与成矿有关的侵入岩年龄在38Ma左右,辉钼矿Re-Os年龄为36.1~33.7Ma。流体包裹体特征表明,该区域矿床成矿热液分为早期高温的岩浆热液和晚期岩浆热液与地下水混合的低温低盐度热液2期。高场强元素的负异常、稀土元素La/Yb值特征与Sr-Nd同位素比值特征表明,成矿斑岩是混入少量壳源物质的幔源岩浆演化来的。形成于南北向多梅科断层与北西向线性构造交会位置的转换拉伸环境,对艾斯康迪达矿床成矿斑岩的侵位具有关键性作用。     

柴达木盆地东南部土壤风蚀研究

柴达木盆地东南部土壤风蚀风洞模拟实验结果表明,土壤风蚀强度随风力作用和下垫面因子不同而不同。净风对土壤风蚀作用较小,但在挟沙风作用下,风蚀强烈。地表类型不同风蚀强度变化很大,流动沙地是耕地(小麦留茬)的数百倍。土壤质地不同起沙风速不同,细沙和极细沙比例越高风蚀量越大。翻耕地与未翻耕地风蚀变化悬殊,翻耕地风蚀量是未翻耕地的10倍以上。自然植被和人为留茬均有抑制风蚀的作用。     

Wild things in urban places: America's largest cities and multi-scales of governance for endangered species conservation

Endangered species live inside the world's most densely populated cities. In the United States, the Fish and Wildlife Service is responsible for the protection and recovery of endangered species – wherever those species are found. Unfortunately, very little is known about urban endangered species policy or programs. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the five largest cities in the United States and examines issue of governance around conservation. Cities have a responsibility to steward the environment, but through the 1973 Endangered Species Act, the Fish and Wildlife Service has a legal mandate to protect endangered species throughout the country. Thus, this paper asks: What is the USFWS doing inside cities to recover endangered species? What are cities doing? Conservation is a shared duty but it is not clear that anyone is taking responsibility for urban endangered species.     

基于CFD技术的河谷型城市风环境模拟——以兰州市城关区为例

本文应用CFD软件对多种流场的强大模拟功能,模拟小尺度的兰州市城关区风环境。选用SRTM资料表征兰州市城关区的地形,应用ArcGIS生成兰州市地形模型,计算相关参数,将计算得到的地形粗糙度和兰州多年气候资料转化为CFD模型的数字参数及模拟边界条件等,首次模拟得到河谷型地区兰州城关区的风环境。结果表明:（1）河谷型地区中,气流过山时风速达最大值,依山体高度增大,而在背风坡风速值明显降低,达到0～1 m·s-1;（2）气流过境时在沿河谷前进,且在谷底风速值达0～1 m·s-1;（3）在模拟城市热岛效应的对比实验中,地块加热对气流过境有停滞作用。     

黄河故道的环境特征与整体开发

从区域开发的角度,对黄河故道的形成发展与环境的关系进行了分析,提出了开发构想,为黄河故道生态农业的开发提供依据。     

山地环境系统研究新框架

20世纪80年代,地球系统科学概念开始出现,同时期全球变化研究迅速展开,可持续发展理念提出并获得广泛认同,这些都为山地环境系统研究提供了新的发展契机.当前,全球山地环境系统研究面临两大问题:山地环境变化和山区发展挑战.国际上围绕山地环境系统研究,逐渐形成若干清晰的主题,包括山地构造地貌和山地气候地貌,山地灾害在山地环境演化过程中的作用,山地(及流域)环境系统生物地球化学循环,山地全球变化和人类活动的影响与适应等.对于我国山地研究来说,核心科学问题是:我国山地环境系统是如何响应不同时间尺度全球变化和日益加剧的人类活动的影响?在此背景下如何构筑我国山区可持续发展的根本战略和支撑战略?对此核心问题的全面深入研究,将有望使我国山地环境研究水平提高到一个新的更高层次,并占据国际山地研究领域中不可替代的重要位置.为此,我们提出,以我国山地环境大断面研究为抓手,以梯度格局、系统关联和区域差异等为研究切入点,在山地环境系统的格局、干扰、过程、响应和适应研究等方面有所突破,促成我国山地环境系统研究新框架的形成,为世界山地研究做出我们应有的贡献.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: Boundary Control and Legal Priniciples . Curtis M. Brown , Walter G. Robillard and Donald A. Wilson . Lost Initiatives: Canada's Forest Industries, Forest Policy, and Forest Conservation . R. Peter Gillis and Thomas R. Roach . The Navajo Atlas: Resources, People, and History of the Dine Bikeyah . James M. Goodman . The City and the Sign . M. Gottdiener AND Alexandros Ph . Lagopoulos , EDS. The Comfortable House: North American Suburban Architecture 1890–1930 . Alan Gowans . Arabic-Islamic Cities. Building and Planning Principles . Besim Salim Hakim . Contemporary Climatology . Ann Henderson -Sellers and Peter J. Robinson . A Trace of Desert Waters . Samuel G. Houghton . Geography, Resources and Environment. Vol. 1: Selected Writings of Gilbert F. White. Vol. 2: Themes from the Work of Gilbert F. White . Robert W. Kates AND Ian Burton , ED. Spatial Dimensions of Unemployment and Underemployment (A Case Study of Rural Punjab) . Gopal Krishan . Maps of the Holy Land: Cartobibliography of Printed Maps, 1475–1900 . Compiled by Eran Laor , assisted by Shoshana Klein . The Geography of Third World Cities . Stella Lowder . A Perspective on U.S. Farm Problems and Agricultural Policy . Lance Mc Kinzie , Timothy G. Baker AND Wallace E. Tyner . Soil Erosion and Its Control. R.P.C . Morgan , ED Geopolitics . Patrick O'Sullivan . Landscape, Meanings and Values . Edmund C. Penning -Rowsell AND David Lowenthal , EDS.     

Big Data Resource Planning for Food Safety: a Preliminary Exploration of the “Environment,Food and Health” Information Chain

Environmental pollution, food safety and health are closely linked. A key challenge in addressing the problem of food safety and protecting public health is building an integrated knowledge base to inform policy and strengthen governance. This requires breaking down the trans-departmental information barrier across the environment, food and health domains to ensure the effective flow of data and the efficient utilization of resources, and facilitate the collaborative governance of food safety. Achieving this will be crucial for the development of health and medical care in China in the era of big data. Currently, the information resources commanded by various departments are incomplete and fragmented. Data resources are also organized in vertical silos and there is a lack of data sharing within and across policy streams. To provide the basis for more effective integrated collection and analysis of data in future, this study summarizes the information resources of various departments whose work relates to interactions between environment, food and health, and presents measures to strengthen top-down design, and establish unified data standards and a big data sharing platform. It also points to the need for increased training of data analysts with interdisciplinary expertise.     

东北地区资源型城市转型过程中社会—经济—环境协调演化特征

借鉴协调发展相关理论,构建综合评价资源型城市社会、经济和环境转型的指标体系,利用面板数据回归模型测算2000-2014年系统内各要素对资源型城市协调转型的作用,对东北地区资源型城市转型以来协调发展的时空格局进行分析。研究发现：① 东北地区资源型城市转型协调水平呈现波动式缓慢上升的走势,共出现四次较大幅度的波动,空间上差异性先减弱后加剧,协调程度较高的地区主要集中在辽宁省南部,失调城市分布在黑龙江省北部边缘地区,无论是协调度水平变化或是空间分布上这种“两极”分化的趋势越来越明显。② 东北地区资源型城市协调转型发展总体水平不高,从划分类型看,协调发展型城市在社会—经济—环境各方面作用力均衡较好,对社会服务设施完善等方面投入强于发展调和型城市和失调衰退型城市,钢铁型城市协调转型水平强于石油型城市和冶金型城市,森工型城市表现最弱。③ 第三产业发展、教育、技术、非国营经济、生产生活环境等因素对协调转型的促进作用显著,但历史遗留问题、产业结构升级等仍待进一步解决,同时也对实践创新、体制机制改革提出了高要求。     

运用树木活力度进行城市生态环境质量分区--以吉林市为例

城市生态环境质量是影响城市景观和居民身心健康的重要因素，环境质量分区是进行生态环境评价的基础性工作。在以往生态环境质量评价中，通常采用单一的环境污染指标，难以全面综合的反应生态环境质量状况。植被的面貌是一定时期内大气、土壤、水分、人类活动综合作用的结果。由于树木有生命而又不能移动，它的健康状态是一定时期因素内，综合地反映其生活环境条件的最好尺度。借鉴国外环境诊断的研究方法，提出“树木活力度”，即树木的枝、叶、梢、树形等各个部位的生长状况和健康程度这一新的综合生态指标，并结合实际，以吉林市为例，对运用这一指标进行城市生态环境质量评价的方法、原理、问题等进行了初步探讨。指出运用树木活力度进行城市生态环境质量分区，具有迅速目测、计算简便，快速经济的特点，是当前较为流行的一种景观诊断的简便易行的方法。