植株冠层几何形状对草地反射率的影响

本研究建立了一个反映植被辐射传输和几何光学特性的混合模型,以模拟半干旱地区天然草地的多波段反射率值。该模型引入一个几何相似性参数,用以描述植株冠层的几何形状对叶/枝角分布、阴影地面比例、冠层和地面各光学分量、冠层反射率和总反射率的影响。模型模拟值与研究区3个不同退化程度羊草草地的实测值较为吻合,而且退化程度越轻的草地,模拟效果也越好。对于中度退化草地,在高度与冠幅之比（chw）不变的情况下,当45°≤太阳天顶角sza≤75°时,不同几何形状植株的总反射率之间无显著差异;当0°≤sza〈45°或75°〈sza≤90°时，锥体与球体和柱体植株的总反射率之间有较显著差异；而球体和柱体植株的总反射率之间始终无显著差异。当chw由小到大变化时，以上结论基本不变。     

蛇绿岩中伸展变形与古洋盆扩张构造研究综述

综合介绍了世界上几个典型蛇绿岩带中伸展变形构造的实例,如何形成辉长质或其它不同层次的糜棱岩,可造成辉绿岩墙群的倾斜旋转,可使得原始洋壳厚度变薄等,蛇绿岩中伸展构造记录了已经消失的洋盆的生成,拆离和消减过程中的关信息,研究蛇绿岩中伸展变形构造,有助于恢复古洋盆的规模的演化过程,也是蛇绿岩研究的新方向这一。     

Evolution of the South China Sea: Revised ages for breakup and seafloor spreading

The continental breakup which gave way to the formation of the oceanic South China Sea (SCS) basin began in the latest Cretaceous in the northeastern SCS and propagated in southern and western direction over a long period of time, possibly more than 40 m.y. The seafloor spreading history of the South China Sea has been interpreted in different ways in the past and the debate over the correct timing of the major tectonic events continues. We review the different models that have been published and present a revised interpretation of seafloor spreading anomalies based on three datasets with documented high quality which cover all of the SCS but the northernmost and southernmost parts. We can precisely date the onset of seafloor spreading in the central part of the SCS at 32 Ma. After a ridge jump at 25 Ma spreading also began in the southwestern sub-basin and spreading ended at 20.5 Ma in the entire basin, followed by a phase of magmatic seamount formation mainly along the abandoned spreading ridge. Spreading rates vary from 56 mm/yr in the early stages to 72 mm/yr after the ridge jump to 80 mm/yr in the southwestern sub-basin. We find indications for a stepwise propagation of the seafloor spreading from northeast to southwest in segments bounded by major fracture zones. Seafloor spreading ended abruptly probably because the subduction zone along the eastern and southern boundary of the SCS (of which today the Manila Trench remains) was blocked by collision with a continental fragment, possibly the northern part of Palawan or a part of the Dangerous Grounds.     

一种基于几何特征的面状地理要素变化检测方法

利用分类方法快速更新基础地理信息数据是保持其现势性的一种重要方法,分类后变化检测是其中一个难点.文章提出一种基于几何特征的面状地理要素变化检测方法,将提取的面状地理要素与待更新要素对比,计算两者多边形质心距离、形状系数、周长和面积相似程度等几何特征来判断要素是否发生变化,从而进行更新.实验结果表明,该方法能处理分类后多...     

3D geometrical modelling of post-foliation deformations in metamorphic terrains (Syros,Cyclades, Greece)

Superposed to ductile syn-metamorphic deformations, post-foliation deformations affect metamorphic units during their exhumation. Understanding the role of such deformations in the structuration of metamorphic units is key for understanding the tectonic evolution of convergence zones. We characterize post-foliations deformations using 3D modelling which is a first-order tool to describe complex geological structures, but a challenging task where based only on surface data. We propose a modelling procedure that combines fast draft models (interpolation of orientation data), with more complex ones where the structural context is better understood (implicit modelling), allowing us to build a 3D geometrical model of Syros Island blueschists (Cyclades), based on field data. With our approach, the 3D model is able to capture the complex present-day geometry of the island, mainly controlled by the superposition of three types of post-metamorphic deformations affecting the original metamorphic pile: i) a top-to-South ramp-flat extensional system that dominates the overall island structure, ii) large-scale folding of the metamorphic units associated with ramp-flat extensional system, and iii) steeply-dipping normal faults trending dominantly NNW-SSE and EW. The 3D surfaces produced by this method match outcrop data, are geologically consistent, and provide reasonable estimates of geological structures in poorly constrained areas.     

基于精密三角高程测量的基坑变形监测方法研究

传统的基坑监测中,几何水准测量工作效率低,任务量大。针对这些不足,本文采用一种新的三角高程测量方法进行变形监测,该方法可以使全站仪在任意点设站,减少了工作量,在测量中,不用量取仪器高、棱镜高,减少了三角高程测量中的误差来源,提高了精度。通过分析三角高程测量的精度,验证了精密三角高程测量代替几何水准测量的可行性与可靠性,结合基坑监测实例,将三角高程测量的数据与几何水准测量的数据进行比较．比较的结果显示,该三角测量方法结合精密全站仪可以替代几何水准测量,在实际工作中具有一定的适用性和参考价值。     

Mitigation of lateral ground displacements of liquefied soils with underground barriers

Analyses of damage data from earthquakes in the last 35 years show that very high financial losses have resulted from cases where liquefaction of soils was associated with ground lateral displacements towards a free boundary such as a shoreline, a river channel, or an open trench. Lateral displacements in excess of 10 m have been documented in the literature [Bartlett and Youd, J. Geotech. Engng, ASCE 121 (1995) 316]. In fact, in many cases, displacements amounting to only a fraction of this number are capable of causing considerable disruption to man-made works. Several factors contribute to the extent of lateral spreading: surface and subsurface geometry, soil characteristics, and intensity of ground motion.

Ground displacements can be minimized or even arrested in practice with an underground structure properly designed to counter the driving forces, gravity and inertia combined. Mitchell et al. suggested practical guidance for the design of such structures, or barriers, in 1998 [Geotech. Spec. Publ. 75 (1998) 580]. However, to date there is no standard procedure to carry out the analysis of such barriers. The paper describes several recent designs of underground barriers that have been constructed in highly seismic environments. Three types of underground barriers are described: clay fill, a grid of structural piles, and a grid of cement-treated soil. The design of the cement-treated cell barrier is discussed in detail as it accounts for the most unfavorable combination of all forces acting on the structure: lateral stresses induced by liquefied soil, hydrodynamic effects, inertia forces, and loss of ground.     

Pile response in submerged lateral spreads: Common pitfalls of numerical and physical modeling techniques

A three dimensional dynamic numerical methodology is developed and used to back-analyze experimental data on the seismic response of single piles in laterally spreading slopes. The aim of the paper is not to seek successful a-priori (Type A) predictions, but to explore the potential of currently available numerical techniques, and also to get feedback on modeling issues and assumptions which are not yet resolved in the international literature. It is illustrated that accurate simulation of the physical pile–soil interaction mechanisms is not a routine task, as it requires the incorporation of advanced numerical features, such as an effective stress constitutive soil model that can capture cyclic response and shear-induced dilation, interface elements to simulate the flow of liquefied ground around the pile and proper calibration of soil permeability to model excess pore pressure dissipation during shaking. In addition, the “conventional tied node” formulation, commonly used to simulate lateral boundary conditions during shaking, has to be modified in order to take into account the effects of the hydrostatic pore pressure surplus that is created at the down slope free field boundary of submerged slopes. A comparative analysis with the two different lateral boundary formulations reveals that “conventional tied nodes”, which also reflect the kinematic conditions imposed by laminar box containers in centrifuge and shaking table experiments, may underestimate seismic demands along the upper part of the pile foundation.     

山东数字地震台站场地响应估算

为了建立山东省数字地震台站场地响应数据库,选取山东区域数字地震台网自2009年4月至2012年1月记录的ML≥2.5地震事件,通过信噪比方法挑选出质量较高的86次地震,采用互相衔接的三段几何衰减模型,基于遗传算法,利用Moya等方法对山东省36个地震台站进行场地响应测算.其中35个台站未显示明显的放大作用,聊城台场地响应变化起伏较大,高频部分放大明显,烟台、招远、即墨、五连、菏泽台场地响应总体表现出一定衰减作用.     

Application of p-y approach in analyzing pile foundations in frozen ground overlying liquefiable soils

Two major earthquakes in Alaska, namely the 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake and the 2002 Denali Earthquake, occurred in winter seasons when the ground crust was frozen. None of the then-existing foundation types was able to withstand the force from the lateral spreading of frozen crust. This paper presents results from the analysis of pile foundations in frozen ground overlying liquefiable soil utilizing the Beam-on-Nonlinear-Winkler-Foundation (BNWF) (or p-y approach). P-multipliers were applied on traditional sandy soil p-y curves to simulate soil strength degradation during liquefaction. Frozen soil p-y curves were constructed based on a model proposed in a recent study and the frozen soil mechanical properties obtained from testing of naturally frozen soils. Pile response results from the p-y approach were presented along with those from fluid-solid coupled Finite Element (FE) modeling for comparison purpose. Finally, the sensitivity of pile response to frozen soil parameters was investigated and a brief discussion is presented.