Optical properties of pseudovitrinite; implications for its origin

A set of Pennsylvanian coals from the North American coal basins, ranging in vitrinite reflectance from 0.65% to 1.75%, was examined, with special emphasis on the optical properties of pseudovitrinite. The results suggest that pseudovitrinite originates from the same material as telocollinite. Slits in the pseudovitrinite seem to have originated in situ due to low-temperature oxidation of woody material; their opening might have been facilitated by devolatilization during coalification. The dominant orientation of the slits is perpendicular to bedding. The intensity and orientation of the slits in pseudovitrinite could be important factors in predicting coalbed gas extraction from coal.     

What is the source of baseflow in agriculturally fragmented catchments? Complex groundwater/surface‐water interactions in three tributary catchments of the Wabash River,Indiana, USA

Some conceptual models suggest that baseflow in agriculturally fragmented watersheds may contain little, if any, groundwater. This has critical implications for stream quality and ecosystem functioning. Here, we (a) identify the sources and flowpaths contributing to baseflow using ²²²Rn and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and (b) quantify mean apparent ages of groundwater and baseflow using multiple isotopic tracers (CFC, SF₆, ³⁶Cl, and ³H) in 4 small (0.08 to 0.64 km²) tributary catchments to the Wabash River in Indiana, USA. ²²²Rn activities and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios indicate that baseflow in 3 catchments is sourced primarily from groundwater; baseflow in the fourth is dominated by a source similar to agricultural run‐off. CFC‐12 data indicate that springs in 1 catchment are discharging significant proportions of water that recharged between 1974 (42 ± 2 years) and 1961 (55 ± 2 years). Those same springs have ³⁶Cl/Cl ratios between 1,381.08 ± 29.37 (×10^?15) and 1,530.64 ± 27.65 (×10^?15) indicating that a substantial proportion of the discharge likely recharged between 1975 (41 years) and 1950 (66 years). Groundwater samples collected from streambed mini‐piezometers in a separate catchment have CFC‐12 concentrations indicating that a large proportion of the recharge occurred between 1948 (68 ± 2 years) and 1950 (66 ± 2 years). Repeat sampling conducted in September 2015 after above‐average summer rainfall did not show significant decreases in mean apparent age. The relatively old ages observed in 3 of the catchments can be explained by geological complexities that are likely present in all 4 catchments, but overwhelmed by flow from the shallow phreatic aquifer in the fourth catchment.     

Hydrologic response of engineered media in living roofs and bioretention to large rainfalls: experiments and modeling

The hydrologic response of engineered media plays an important role in determining a stormwater control measure's ability to reduce runoff volume, flow rate, timing, and pollutant loads. Five engineered media, typical of living roof and bioretention stormwater control measures, were investigated in laboratory column experiments for their hydrologic responses to steady, large inflow rates. The inflow, medium water content response, and outflow were all measured. The water flow mechanism (uniform flow vs. preferential flow) was investigated by analyzing medium water content response in terms of timing, magnitude, and sequence with depth. Modeling the hydrologic process was conducted in the HYDRUS‐1D software, applying the Richards equation for uniform flow modeling, and a mobile–immobile model for preferential flow modeling. Uniform flow existed in most cases, including all initially dry living roof media with bimodal pore size distributions and one bioretention medium with unimodal pore size distribution. The Richards equation can predict the outflow hydrograph reasonably well for uniform flow conditions when medium hydraulic properties are adequately represented by appropriate functions. Preferential flow was found in two media with bimodal pore size distributions. The occurrence of preferential flow is more likely due to the interaction between the bimodal pore structure and the initial water content rather than the large inflow rate.     

Variability in the vertical hyporheic water exchange affected by hydraulic conductivity and river morphology at a natural confluent meander bend

River confluences and their associated tributaries are key morphodynamic nodes that play important roles in controlling hydraulic geometry and hyporheic water exchange in fluvial networks. However, the existing knowledge regarding hyporheic water exchange associated with river confluence morphology is relatively scarce. On January 14 and 15, 2016, the general hydraulic and morphological characteristics of the confluent meander bend (CMB) between the Juehe River and the Haohe River in the southern region of Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China, were investigated. The patterns and magnitudes of vertical hyporheic water exchange (VHWE) were estimated based on a one‐dimensional heat steady‐state model, whereas the sediment vertical hydraulic conductivity (K_v) was calculated via in situ permeameter tests. The results demonstrated that 6 hydrodynamic zones and their extensions were observed at the CMB during the test period. These zones were likely controlled by the obtuse junction angle and low momentum flux ratio, influencing the sediment grain size distribution of the CMB. The VHWE patterns at the test site during the test period mostly showed upwelling flow dominated by regional groundwater discharging into the river. The occurrence of longitudinal downwelling and upwelling patterns along the meander bend at the CMB was likely subjected to the comprehensive influences of the local sinuosity of the meander bend and regional groundwater discharge and finally formed regional and local flow paths. Additionally, in dominated upwelling areas, the change in VHWE magnitudes was nearly consistent with that in K_v values, and higher values of both variables generally occurred in erosional zones near the thalweg paths of the CMB, which were mostly made up of sand and gravel. This was potentially caused by the erosional and depositional processes subjected to confluence morphology. Furthermore, lower K_v values observed in downwelling areas at the CMB were attributed to sediment clogging caused by local downwelling flow. The confluence morphology and sediment K_v are thus likely the driving factors that cause local variations in the VHWE of fluvial systems.     

河北东坪金矿地质地球化学特征

东坪金矿位于河北省崇礼区,大地构造处于华北地台北缘,燕辽沉降带与内蒙地轴结合处南侧,距尚义-崇礼-赤城深大断裂10km。区内出露地层主要为太古界桑干群变质岩系,岩性以片麻岩为主。区内断裂构造较发育,主要有EW向,NW向和NE向,其中以EW向的最为发育。 区内岩浆岩也比较发育,沿尚义-崇礼-赤城深大断裂分布,主要有小张家口超基性岩、水泉沟碱性杂岩和上水泉花岗岩。水泉沟碱性杂岩体呈EW向展布,向南北两侧倾斜,主要岩性为碱性长石正长岩、辉石角闪碱性长石正长岩、辉石角闪正长岩和角闪碱性长石正长岩等。     

含AgI焰剂成冰性能与物化特征的实验研究

利用CAMS的1 m~3等温云室系统筛选出新型高效AgI焰剂WMC-IN-001和WMG-IN-002。检测结果表明,它们具有较高的成核率,在-15℃时达到10~(15)g~(-1)AgI量级,尤其在-7℃时WMC-IN-001的成核率仍可达到10~(14)g~(-1)AgI量级。同时给出对节银剂配方和2011年市场上主要的几种催化剂的检测结果进行对比。WMC-IN-001和WMC-IN-002的成冰速率较慢,在各检测温度的成冰速率差异较小,均在40~55 min。利用冷场发射扫描电镜和能谱仪对WMC-IN-001燃烧产生的气溶胶粒子作了物化特征分析,粒子分布在0.02~0.60μm,具有两个典型的模态:0.02~0.10μm的较小的粒子和0.20~0.55μm的较大的粒子,均立方直径为0.2472μm。WMC-IN-001气溶胶粒子明显偏大,小粒子相对较少,这可能是其成冰速率偏慢的原因之一。     

从平衡-封闭-静态转向非平衡-开放-动力学研究-热液矿床成因的若干新概念概述

热液金属矿床成因研究过程中,观测与实验始终是密切结合的。上世纪70年代,平衡热力学的实验数据的快速积累,使人们用热力学理论计算可以预测和反演矿石和岩石的成因。但是,没有矿物-水溶液的反应速率数据,又没有与流体力学的结合,搞清楚矿石成因是困难的。七、八十年代,开始研究矿物与水溶液的反应动力学实验。科学家们开始瞄准了从平衡-封闭-静态转向非平衡-开放-动力学研究的这个大方向。1992年我们建立地球化学动力学开放研究实验室。研究高温高压矿物与水反应速率,发现固液的开放体系的自组织现象。实验发现温度影响矿物的各个元素反应速率改变,发现在跨越水临界态时矿物与水反应速率涨落、在近临界的气-液两相不混溶区一些金属进入气相、超临界流体的氧化作用及特别的溶剂性能影响矿物溶解性质。实验证实:临界态区流体与矿石成因有关。水岩相互作用的反应动力学实验温度从低温到550度,揭示矿石的金属来源、迁移、金属与蚀变分带机制。一大批大于300度的矿物与水反应动力学实验在国际界是少有报道的。九十年代,超高压的科学发展,与同步辐射光源的技术进步的结合,使固体地球科学又迈向了地球深内部。我们发展了高温高压流体性质的原位直测(测量850℃水溶液)红外谱,发现深部流体的新性质:气液两相流体的新结构,在临界温度区(300~400℃),水分子氢键网络的破坏受压力影响不大(23MPa~3GPa),同时,出现水的高电导率。研发新仪器为开放-流动-非平衡的反应动力学实验与极端条件下物质性质的直接观测结合,在科学前沿领域开辟了创新道路。     

华北陆块晋冀Al- Fe- Au- Pb- Zn- Ag- Cu- 煤成矿带主要地质成矿特征及潜力分析

华北陆块晋冀成矿带是我国重要的金属和能源矿产资源基地,近年来新的找矿进展和预测成果不断涌现,使之成为我国重点找矿地区之一,需要对其开展系统的成矿区划和部署研究工作。本文以新的研究成果和找矿突破为基础,通过综合分析,在该地区划分新的重要成矿部署区带,厘定边界并将其命名为"华北陆块晋冀Al-Fe-Au-Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu-煤成矿带"。结合区域成矿地质背景的综合研究,在区内划分了10个成矿亚带,初步建立了Al-Fe-Au-Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu-煤成矿带成矿谱系,其成矿作用具有多期次发育和多系统控制的特点,在时间演化上表现为多旋回性、继承性、新生性和叠加性特点,主要成矿期有前寒武纪,寒武纪-晚二叠世,晚三叠世-晚白垩世和新生代,其中晚侏罗-早白垩世是内生金属矿床成矿大爆发期。该带产出的矿床类型复杂多样,与岩浆有关成矿作用有岩浆岩型、斑岩型、矽卡岩型、海(陆)相火山岩型、岩浆热液型和石英脉型,变质成矿作用有沉积变质型、绿岩建造型,层控成因矿床有碳酸盐岩中热液型,沉积成矿作用有海(陆)相沉积型、砂矿型、风化壳型矿床等。结合区域找矿进展和潜力评价最新成果,认为本区铝土矿、铁、金、锰、钼、铜、铅锌、煤矿潜力巨大,为下一步勘查部署的主攻矿种,同时在本区划分了26个重点远景区,对研究区下一步矿产勘查部署工作有一定指导意义。     

钦杭Cu- Au- Pb- Zn- W成矿带（东段）主要地质成矿特征及潜力分析

钦杭成矿带(东段)是我国重要的成矿带之一。随着地质大调查的开展,新的找矿进展和预测成果不断涌现,需要对其开展系统的成矿区划和部署研究工作。本文以新的研究成果和找矿突破为基础,结合区域成矿地质背景的综合研究,在区内划分了3个Ⅲ级成矿带及8个Ⅳ级成矿带,并论述了8个Ⅳ级成矿单元的成矿地质特征。钦杭成矿带(东段)的成矿作用具有多期成矿的时间分布特征,主要有晋宁、加里东、海西、燕山等4个成矿期,其中燕山期最为重要。区内矿床类型以斑岩-矽卡岩型、海底火山-热水喷流沉积型铜金多金属矿、石英脉型钨锡多金属、火山热液型铅锌金银多金属矿最为重要,还产出有韧性剪切带型(金山金矿)、石英脉型、构造蚀变岩型金矿,海相沉积型铁锰矿等众多矿床类型。结合区域找矿进展和潜力评价最新成果,认为Cu、Au、Ag、W、Mo、Pb、Zn等矿种资源量潜力优势显著。为下一步勘查部署的主攻矿种,同时在本区划分了9个远景区,对研究区下一步矿产勘查部署工作有一定指导意义。     

Determination of the factors governing soil erodibility using hyperspectral visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

Soil erodibility, which is difficult to estimate and upscaling, was determined in this study using multiple spectral models of soil properties (soil organic matter (SOM), water-stable aggregates (WSA) > 0.25 mm, the geometric mean radius (D_g)). Herein, the soil erodibility indicators were calculated, and soil properties were quantitatively analyzed based on laboratory simulation experiments involving two selected contrasting soils. In addition, continuous wavelet transformation was applied to the reflectance spectra (350–2500 nm) of 65 soil samples from the study area. To build the relationship, the soil properties that control erodibility were identified prior to the spectral analysis. In this study, the SOM, D_g and WSA >0.25 mm were selected to represent the most significant soil properties controlling erodibility and describe the erodibility indicator based on a logarithmic regression model as a function of SOM or WSA > 0.25 mm. Five, six and three wavelet features were observed to calibrate the estimated soil properties model, and the best performance was obtained with a combination feature regression model for SOM (R² = 0.86, p < 0.01), D_g (R² = 0.79, p < 0.01) and WSA >0.25 mm (R² = 0.61, p < 0.01), respectively. One part of the wavelet features captured amplitude variations in the broad shape of the reflectance spectra, and another part captured variations in the shape and depth of the soil dry substances. The wavelet features for the validated dataset used to predict the SOM, WSA >0.25 mm and D_g were not significantly different compared with the calibrated dataset. The synthesized spectral models of soil properties, and the formation of a new equation for soil erodibility transformed from the spectral models of soil properties are presented in this study. These results show that a spectral analytical approach can be applied to complex datasets and provide new insights into emerging dynamic variation with erodibility estimation.