两千年来中国自然与人文地理环境变迁及启示

科学理解中国自然与人文地理环境变迁的历史逻辑、基本规律和发展趋势,有助于找准历史方位,确立国土空间开发保护格局优化方向,推进“美丽中国”建设与经济社会可持续发展。本文集成现有研究成果,梳理了两千年来中国自然与人文地理环境变迁过程,总结了主要要素的变迁特点,探讨了这些历史变迁对“美丽中国”建设的启示。研究表明,两千年来中国自然地理环境变化主要表现为气候的多尺度准周期波动、黄土高原破碎化、北方地区沙漠化土地扩张、河口三角洲海岸在泥沙沉积作用下逐步外移、黄河和长江中下游湖泊萎缩、森林和温带草原面积下降。人文地理环境变迁突出表现在人口增长和格局变化、经济中心向东南迁移、耕地向外围扩张、交通网络由道路网和运河网向立体化综合交通网转变。依据上述变化的历史逻辑,未来基本自然地理格局和地理界线仍将长期存在,长江和黄河中下游星罗棋布的湖泊水系已难再现,南粮北运成为历史,但森林覆盖率仍有较大提升空间,交通网络建设仍需进一步推进,同时还要加强沿海城市应对气候变化威胁的防控体系建设。     

Conceptualization of runoff processes using a geographical information system and tracers in a nested mesoscale catchment

Tracer investigations were combined with a geographical information system (GIS) analysis of the 31 km² Girnock catchment (Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland) in order to understand hydrological functioning by identifying dominant runoff sources and estimating mean residence times. The catchment has a complex geology, soil cover and topography. Gran alkalinity was used to demonstrate that catchment geology has a dominant influence on baseflow chemistry, but flow paths originating in acidic horizons in the upper soil profiles controlled stormflow alkalinity. Chemically based hydrograph separations at the catchment scale indicated that ～30% of annual runoff was derived from groundwater sources. Similar contributions (23–36%) were estimated for virtually all major sub‐basins. δ¹⁸O of precipitation (mean: ? 9·4‰; range: ? 16·1 to ? 5·0‰) and stream waters (mean: ? 9·1‰; range: ? 11·6 to ? 7·4‰) were used to assess mean catchment and sub‐basin residence times, which were in the order ～4–6 months. GIS analysis showed that these tracer‐based diagnostic features of catchment functioning were consistent with the landscape organization of the catchment. Soil and HOST (Hydrology of Soil Type) maps indicated that the catchment and individual sub‐basins were dominated by hydrologically responsive soils, such as peats (Histosol), peaty gleys (Histic Gleysols) and rankers (Umbric Leptosols and Histosols). Soil cover (in combination with a topographic index) predicted extensive areas of saturation that probably expand during hydrological events, thus providing a high degree of hydrological connectivity between catchment hillslopes and stream channel network. This was validated by aerial photographic interpretation and groundtruthing. These characteristics of hydrological functioning (i.e. dominance of responsive hydrological pathways and short residence times) dictate that the catchment is sensitive to land use change impacts on the quality and quantity of streamflows. It is suggested that such conceptualization of hydrological functioning using tracer‐validated GIS analysis can play an important role in the sustainable management of river basins. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Lagrange-Jacobi equation in the finite-size many-body problem

We determine the values of the barycentric energy constant that necessarily result in collisions between bodies. The standard Hill stability regions in the problem of four or more bodies are shown to be located inside the regions where collisions are inevitable. Only in the problem of three finite bodies is part of the Hill stability region preserved where the bodies can move without colliding with one another. We point out possible astronomical applications of our results.     

地理国情监测与第三次全国国土调查属性表达对比分析

在自然资源调查监测体系中,第三次全国国土调查属于基础调查,地理国情监测属于专题监测,两者之间有差异也有联系。本文立足于两项调查监测的属性表达角度,分析了两者分类指标对应关系,比较了重点要素采集方法的异同,最后从对比分析结果中提炼两者在属性表达方面的相互关系,为今后两者的融合应用提供支撑。     

地图集:重构复杂非线性地理世界的“百科全书”

地图学是一门经过数千年的演进发展形成的科学,地图(地图集)是地图科学研究的主阵地,是任何时代和社会都不可或缺的,对人们的工作、学习和生活具有重要作用和意义。首先,简要论述了地图学作为一门科学的社会实践和科学实践的演进发展规律,以及地图集的特点;然后,从哲学角度分析与论述了地图是怎样重构复杂非线性地理世界的(实现由"地理世界"到"地图世界"的转变),人们是怎样利用地图进一步认识复杂非线性地理世界的(实现由"地图世界"到"地理世界"的转变),提出了基于传感器网络的由"感知的地理世界"到"重构的地理世界"再到"认知的地理世界"、指导行动并反馈信息的"双向"转变的认知模式;最后,论述了地图集作为重构复杂非线性地理世界的"百科全书"的作用,举例说明了中国改革开放以来地图集的快速发展和水平的大幅提升,并阐明人工智能时代中国地图集成果将比以往任何时候都更加兴旺发达,地图集作为人们进一步认知复杂非线性地理世界的"百科全书"的功能作用将比以往任何时候都更加强大。     

莱芜市土地开发整理成效与问题初探

通过实施土地开发整理,从根本上改善了农村生态环境,不仅增加了农村耕地面积,促进了农业生产水平的提高和农民增产增收,更有力地促进了农村经济发展。农业生产条件的改善,使生产成本得到有效降低,规模效益普遍提高,壮大了村集体经济实力,加快了社会主义新农村建设步伐。但工作中仍存在领导重视不够、工程质量不够高、后期管护不到位等问题,今后应进一步强化领导、规范运作、跟踪管理,以保证开发整理成效。     

菏泽市土地开发整理可持续发展研究

该文分析了菏泽市土地利用现状及存在的问题,认为现阶段菏泽市土地整理应以农用土地整理为主,重点放在农村地区,对土地开发整理规范化管理是当前土地整理发展的方向。因此,菏泽市加大土地开发整理力度,科学利用本地特色资源,监管得力,缓解了该市土地资源的紧张状况,有利于土地资源的规范化发展,确保了经济的可持续发展。     

我国土地整理存在的问题及建议

根据编写审查土地整理规划设计、预算,竣工验收等一系列工作经验,通过分析目前我国土地整理工作出现的规划设计与实际脱节、施工管理不到位、资金不足、缺乏后期管护等诸多问题,提出了相应的对策建议,以期推动土地整理事业的健康发展。     

伊川高山煤矿区地质环境问题及治理措施

简述高山矿区的地质特征、水文地质及工程地质特征,指出目前该矿区产生的主要地质环境问题表现为煤矿开采引起地面塌陷和地裂缝、地下水水位下降及煤矸石不合理堆放而造成的土壤、水质污染等.笔者认为,矿山环境保护法律不健全、地方矿政管理格局混乱、群众缺乏环保忧患意识是导致以上地质环境问题的主要因素.作者结合当地实际情况,提出了一些...