汶川特大地震后安县疫情的地理流行病学分析方法

在分析汶川特大地震后安县2008年5~7月份的流行病学数据的过程中,作者探索了安县震后疫情地理分布、疾病构成、易感人群及其时序变化等特征的地理流行病学方法,并给出了有关专题地图、过程曲线和统计表格。它们能够形象、直观、准确地反映安县震后的疫情态势地理分布,进而使防控工作有的放矢、对症下药,收到事半功倍的效果。在此基础上,作者分析了地理流行病学方法的固有优势、实施关键、应用模式,以及今后的防治方向。为确保震后疫情流行病学数据在空间性、时效性和完整性上的质量,今后对地理流行病学方法的研究,应该从目前的疫情现状描述层次,尽快地向疫情分析预测、防控决策支持等层次延伸。     

开发地理信息服务新产品,实现空间数据增值

回顾了北京市测绘设计研究院20年来地理信息产业的发展,分析了建设地理信息产品的种类和策略。提出建立基础地理信息框架数据、相关委办局专业地理信息产品、国家专项调查地理信息产品的发展思路,建议重视用户需求调研,与相关地理信息用户建立战略合作伙伴关系,保证产品质量,实现地理信息产品持续更新。     

Cluster analysis on summer precipitation field over Qinghai–Tibet Plateau from 1961 to 2004

The summer day-by-day precipitation data of 97 meteorological stations on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau from 1961 to 2004 were selected to analyze the temporal-spatial dis-tribution through accumulated variance, correlation analysis, regression analysis, empirical orthogonal function, power spectrum function and spatial analysis tools of GIS. The result showed that summer precipitation occupied a relatively high proportion in the area with less annual precipitation on the Plateau and the correlation between summer precipitation and annual precipitation was strong. The altitude of these stations and summer precipitation ten-dency presented stronger positive correlation below 2000 m, with correlation value up to 0.604 (α=0.01). The subtracting tendency values between 1961–1983 and 1984–2004 at five altitude ranges (2000–2500 m, 2500–3000 m, 3500–4000 m, 4000–4500 m and above 4500 m) were above zero and accounted for 71.4% of the total. Using empirical orthogonal function, summer precipitation could be roughly divided into three precipitation pattern fields: the Southeast Plateau Pattern Field, the Northeast Plateau Pattern field and the Three Rivers' Headstream Regions Pattern Field. The former two ones had a reverse value from the north to the south and opposite line was along 35°N. The potential cycles of the three pattern fields were 5.33a, 21.33a and 2.17a respectively, tested by the confidence probability of 90%. The station altitudes and summer precipitation potential cycles presented strong negative corre-lation in the stations above 4500 m, with correlation value of –0.626 (α=0.01). In Three Rivers Headstream Regions summer precipitation cycle decreased as the altitude rose in the sta-tions above 3500 m and increased as the altitude rose in those below 3500 m. The empirical orthogonal function analysis in June precipitation, July precipitation and August precipitation showed that the June precipitation pattern field was similar to the July’s, in which southern Plateau was positive and northern Plateau negative. But positive value area in July precipita-tion pattern field was obviously less than June’s. The August pattern field was totally opposite to June’s and July’s. The positive area in August pattern field jumped from the southern Pla-teau to the northern Plateau.     

Statistical analysis of surface hydrography and circulation variations in northern South China Sea

1 INTRODUCTIONThe South China Sea (SCS) is a semi-enclosedmarginal sea in western North Pacific Ocean withvery complex topography and is the important pas-sage connecting the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Ithas great impact to the global climate and a greatinterest of many oceanography researchers. Twodominant surface hydrographic and circulation fea-tures in the northern SCS are a strong fresh waterexpansion and a warm and high-salinity seawaterintrusion such as the SCS Diluted Water…     

中国省际边界区县域经济格局及影响因素的空间异质性

通过构建省际边界区经济发展差异指数,结合空间自相关模型对省际边界区县域经济发展差异格局进行分析,并利用全局回归（OLS）模型和地理加权回归模型（GWR）对省际边界县域经济发展差异影响因素的空间异质性进行研究。结果表明,中国省际边界区县域经济发展具有显著的空间集聚性,边界经济发展差异较大的地区集中在蒙甘边界,蒙宁边界和陕蒙边界地区。政府宏观调控因子与西部地区县域经济发展差异呈负相关趋势,教育发展水平对县域经济发展差异影响呈现出贫困与发达地区二元分异,边界的紧凑度、地形起伏度、交通优势度与产业结构因子对县域经济发展差异指数呈现出正相关趋势。本文具体分析了在不同省际边界县域内,各影响因素对县域经济发展差异指数的影响程度差异和作用方向差异,为合理调控不同地区发展要素、缩小省际边界地区经济发展差异、制定不同省际边界县域发展策略提供科学依据。     

缓冲区生成研究进展评述

缓冲区分析是GIS的核心空间分析功能之一,缓冲区生成在GIS软件开发中亦具有重要地位。目前,对缓冲区生成的研究主要着重于平面坐标系下点、线、面及复合目标缓冲区的生成方法。本文从生成算法、应用需求、实现技术等角度探讨了缓冲区生成的基本问题与目前的研究现状,从算法特点、性能、适用性等方面评述了近年来提出的算法,总结了目前存在的一些难点,在此基础上对缓冲区生成的未来发展趋势进行了展望,并认为以下内容是缓冲区生成研究方面有待加强的方向:面向海量空间数据和网络应用的高性能缓冲区生成算法研究;基于地球椭球体表面、基于网络距离等非平面空间参考系下的缓冲区生成方法。     

土体应力-应变关系转型问题分析

通过对土体应力应变试验结果的分析,明确指出了土体普遍存在的应力-应变关系转型现象。提出了按后破坏模量和临界围压两个参数判别土体应力-应变关系转型的方法,对影响土体应力-应变关系转型的因素包括土的类型、围压、初始密度或含水率、排水条件及应力路径等进行了简要分析。最后,对砂土初步提出了一个能反映转型现象的组合应力-应变关系模型的理论框架。     

关于地理国情普查外业调查与核查的分析和探讨

地理国情是基本国情的重要组成部分,开展地理国情普查是一项重大的国情国力调查,是全面获取地理国情信息的重要手段,是掌握地表自然、生态以及人类活动基本情况的基础性工作.本文就灵武市地理国情普查外业调查与核查生产的整体技术路线以及相关问题进行分析和探讨.     

Understanding and modeling basin hydrology: interpreting the hydrogeological signature

Basin landscapes possess an identifiable spatial structure, fashioned by climate, geology and land use, that affects their hydrologic response. This structure defines a basin's hydrogeological signature and corresponding patterns of runoff and stream chemistry. Interpreting this signature expresses a fundamental understanding of basin hydrology in terms of the dominant hydrologic components: surface, interflow and groundwater runoff. Using spatial analysis techniques, spatially distributed watershed characteristics and measurements of rainfall and runoff, we present an approach for modelling basin hydrology that integrates hydrogeological interpretation and hydrologic response unit concepts, applicable to both new and existing rainfall‐runoff models. The benefits of our modelling approach are a clearly defined distribution of dominant runoff form and behaviour, which is useful for interpreting functions of runoff in the recruitment and transport of sediment and other contaminants, and limited over‐parameterization. Our methods are illustrated in a case study focused on four watersheds (24 to 50 km²) draining the southern coast of California for the period October 1988 though to September 2002. Based on our hydrogeological interpretation, we present a new rainfall‐runoff model developed to simulate both surface and subsurface runoff, where surface runoff is from either urban or rural surfaces and subsurface runoff is either interflow from steep shallow soils or groundwater from bedrock and coarse‐textured fan deposits. Our assertions and model results are supported using streamflow data from seven US Geological Survey stream gauges and measured stream silica concentrations from two Santa Barbara Channel–Long Term Ecological Research Project sampling sites. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北京市顺义区农田景观格局变化研究

通过对1980,1995,2006年顺义区农田景观规模和空间格局演变的分析,总结出其作为典型的大城市近郊区域农田景观变化的显著特征:第一,农田景观规模呈加速缩减趋势,农村居民点等低密度建设用地是侵占农田的主体;第二,农田景观斑块的空间重心由原来较为居中的位置,持续向远离城市组团中心的东北方向移动;第三,从全境镶嵌体和农田单一景观水平上分析,其景观格局演变均呈破碎化、离散性和均一化趋势.顺义区农田景观因社会经济结构和区域发展方向的调整而发生巨大改变,被道路和大量小规模的无序建筑侵占和切割,正在逐步丧失农田景现美感,应通过探索不同模式的农田景观治理和建设途径,对城市远郊农田景观加以保护和利用.