腐殖型凝析气的研究──以塔里木盆地为例

以往对凝析气的生成多以地球化学过程为研究重点,对生成物相态的物理过程很少作深入探讨。文中以烃类生成的热模拟实验获得的地球化学资料为基础,利用油藏工程中相态研究的方法,讨论凝析气生成模式。腐殖型源岩的兄为0．5％～1．9％的演化阶段,生成物的相态为凝析气相,在成藏过程中温度、压力变化不十分强烈的条件下,易于形成凝析气藏,塔里木盆地广泛分布的凝析气藏提供了良好的研究实例。     

腐泥型煤二次生烃热解模拟的荧光特征

通过对4块腐泥型煤原样及热解模拟残渣样的荧光特征的研究,对腐泥煤二次生烃特征加以探讨,得出主要结论为:(1)当开始二次生烃时,将出现蓝移现象,蓝移现象标志着二次生烃的开始;(2)蓝移现象发生的起始位置(镜质组反射率为标志)及蓝移现象的强度与样品的原始成熟度有密切关系,伴随着原始成熟度的提高,蓝移现象发生的成熟度位置将逐渐后移,其与初始成熟度的差值将先增大后减小,增大与减小的转折点推测位于1.4 6%~1.80%之间。      

惠民凹陷含煤地层生气潜力分析

从有效气源岩的概念出发,通过实验测定了该区含煤地层最大吸附气量,结合模拟实验中产气量与总有机碳(TOC)、热解生烃潜力(S₁+S₂)、氢指数(HI)、最大镜质组反射率(R_max)等指标的相关关系,提出了不同演化阶段煤系地层有机质生气潜力下限及各指标适用范围,并据此对惠民凹陷石炭二叠系煤岩、泥岩等气源岩进行了评价,证实了该区煤岩和泥岩可以作为有效气源岩。该成果对该区的煤型气勘探有一定指导作用,对渤海湾盆地其他地区煤系源岩评价也有一定参考价值。      

SWAN模式对黄渤海海域浪高的模拟能力试验

SWAN模式即第三代浅水波浪数值预报模式,不仅能仔细考虑能量平衡方程式中的各项源函数,而且对近海海域(浅水)以及复杂地形海域的浪高有很好的模拟能力。本文在简述我们从青岛海洋大学“九.五”国家重点科技攻关项目中引进的SWAN模式的基础上,详细论述了T213和MM5两种风场资料在SWAN模式中的应用及对比验证。发现MM5海平面上空10m处风场资料优于T213的1000hPa风场资料,用在SWAN模式对黄渤海海域浪高模拟中预报结果较好。     

1∶50000空间数据缩编更新方案设计

现势性是地图的基本特性之一。为保持1:50000空间数据的现势性,国家实施了全国1:50000数据库的更新项目,以甘肃永昌测区为例阐述了利用1:10000DLG数据直接缩编更新1:50000空间数据的方法。     

Determination of Trace Bismuth in Environmental Waters by ICP‐MS with Cobalt Ion‐Assisted Photochemical Vapour Generation

With increasing use of bismuth in industry, a better understanding of its environmental behaviour is required, including an improved knowledge of its background concentration range in (non‐saline) freshwaters. However, the poor analytical sensitivity of previous methods may lead to inaccurate measurement results for Bi³⁺ in environmental samples. In this work, cobalt ion‐assisted photochemical vapour generation (PVG) was developed for the detection of trace Bi with inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) measurement. The volatile species of Bi was found to be (CH₃)₃Bi generated under UV irradiation in the presence of formic acid, acetic acid and Co²⁺. The major parameters potentially influencing the detection of Bi were investigated. Under optimised conditions, the limit of detection (3s, n = 11) of the proposed method was 0.3 ng l^?1. The analytical sensitivity was enhanced about 70‐fold for Bi³⁺ compared with that using classic pneumatic nebulisation of ICP‐MS. Furthermore, the proposed method showed better analytical sensitivity and anti‐interference ability towards co‐existing ions compared with ferric ion‐assisted PVG systems. The accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated by analysis of environmental water samples and certified reference materials with satisfactory results.     

Quantitative study on hydrocarbon expulsion mechanism based on micro-fracture

The significance of source rocks for oil and gas accumulation has been indisputably acknowledged. Moreover, it has been gradually realized that there is difference between hydrocarbon generation capacity and hydrocarbon expulsion capacity, and this has prompted research on hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency. However, these studies dominantly highlight the results of hydrocarbon expulsion, and investigation into the corresponding process and mechanism is primarily from a macroscopic perspective. Despite its wide acceptance as the most direct hydrocarbon expulsion mode, hydrocarbon expulsion through micro-fractures is still not sufficiently understood. Therefore, this study obtains observations and performs experiments on two types of source rocks (mudstones and shales) of the Chang 7 oil group of the Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin, China. Microscopy reveals that organic matter is non-uniformly distributed in both types of source rocks. Specifically, mudstones are characterized by a cluster-like organic matter distribution, whereas shales are characterized by a layered organic matter distribution. Thermal evolution simulation experiments demonstrate that the hydrocarbon generation process is accompanied by the emergence of micro-fractures, which are favorable for hydrocarbon expulsion. Moreover, based on the theories of rock physics and fracture mechanics, this study establishes micro-fracture development models for both types of source rocks, associated with the calculation of the fracture pressure that is needed for the initiation of fracture development. Furthermore, the relationship between the fluid pressure, fracture pressure, and micro-fracture expansion length during micro-fracture development is quantitatively explored, which helps identify the micro-fracture expansion length. The results indicate that the development of micro-fractures is commonly impacted by the morphology and distribution pattern of the organic matter as well as the mechanical properties of the source rocks. The micro-fractures in turn further affect the hydrocarbon expulsion capacity of the source rocks. The results of this study are expected to provide theoretical and practical guidance for the exploration and exploitation of tight oil and shale oil.     

西藏南羌塘坳陷泥质烃源岩评价及有利生烃区预测

羌塘盆地是中国特提斯域面积最大、最具有含油气远景的沉积盆地,盆地内沉积有多套泥质烃源岩层,其中上三叠统土门格拉组、中—下侏罗统曲色—色哇组以及上侏罗统安多组三个层段生烃潜力巨大。本文在充分收集前人资料基础上,通过有机地球化学分析对南羌塘坳陷中生界上述三套泥质烃源岩层进行了综合评价研究,并对它们的生烃有利区进行了预测,探讨了优质烃源岩形成的主控因素。结果显示土门格拉组烃源岩有机质丰度中等偏低,有机质类型主为Ⅱ型,热演化程度较高,整体为差—中等生油岩,主力生烃坳陷位于分布在双湖多普勒乃—查郎拉和安多达卓玛—土门一带;曲色—色哇组有机质类型较好（Ⅱ1型）,但有机质丰度偏低,且处于高成熟—过成熟阶段,属差生油岩,有利生烃区主要位于西部昂达尔错、中部扎曲乡和东部达玛尔地区,同时在双湖毕洛错地区发育一个相对局限的优质烃源岩区;安多组有机质丰度高,且有机质类型好（Ⅱ1型）,处于生油高峰的成熟阶段,为好生油岩,但分布局限,主要位于安多114道班地区。沉积环境是南羌塘坳陷优质泥质烃源岩形成的主控因素：土门格拉组时期,温暖、潮湿的气候条件以及海—陆过渡环境相对较高的沉积速率,为该套优质泥质烃源岩的形成提供了条件;对于曲色—色哇组,广海边缘外陆棚体系不利于有机碳的沉积和埋藏,而相对局限的障壁—潟湖沉积环境则是优质烃源岩的有利形成区;上侏罗统安多组深水台沟相低能、静水的还原环境,以及浅水区稳定的有机质供给促进了该区富有机质黑色岩系的形成。这些研究对进一步明确羌塘盆地主力烃源岩特征与分布及下一步油气勘探具有重要参考价值。     

龙马溪组页岩不同显微形态有机质成因及其勘探潜力探讨

有机质是页岩中最重要的组分,有机孔更是页岩气重要的储集空间,以扫描电镜为主流的微观分析检测技术成为页岩研究的重要手段,目前对有机质的综合研究正逐步成为页岩气勘探开发研究的重要内容。本次研究选取四川盆地及其外围龙马溪组富有机质页岩,采用氩离子抛光非镀膜样品,利用低电压近距离工作状态,对样品进行了高分辨率场发射扫描电镜检测,观察、总结了有机质显微形态,并依据其内部结构及组成特征对其生烃及储集能力进行了探讨。检测结果揭示:龙马溪组富有机质页岩中有机质主要有三种显微形态,分别是结构型沉积有机质、分异型交生有机质和填隙型运移有机质。结构型沉积有机质形成于沉积及早期成岩演化阶段,保留了部分生物结构特征或沉积定向构造;分异型交生有机质与黏土矿物交互生长并经历演化分异作用,形成了类似于岩浆岩中的“花岗结构”;而填隙型运移有机质形成于晚成岩有机质高演化阶段,为液态烃充填于自生矿物晶间,其周边矿物具有自形特征。龙马溪组页岩以填隙型运移有机质和分异型交生有机质为主,二者都发育丰富的有机质孔隙(孔径10~300nm),是龙马溪组页岩优质的生气母质,并具有优质的储集性能。研究结果为我国海相龙马溪组页岩气生成理论及勘探开发评价提供了较深层次的微观信息。     

点吸收式波浪能发电装置姿态特性分析

点吸收式波浪能发电装置是一种最简单的振荡体式波浪能发电装置, 但其安装成本高、生存能力较差。本文针对点吸收式波浪能发电装置的姿态稳定性问题, 开展了其在波浪作用下的运动姿态和发电功率之间的关系研究。首先介绍了点吸收波浪能发电装置的工作原理; 然后,根据我国南海海域的自然资源条件, 划定波况范围, 利用相似理论在实验室中模拟波浪参数,选定工况, 建立模型, 设计测量系统, 开展物理模型试验; 最后, 利用试验结果分析了发电装置的最佳发电周期、波高对装置发电功率的影响, 装置姿态对发电功率的影响等。本文为点吸收式波浪能发电装置设计及测试提供了参考。