Generation of waves in Boussinesq models using a source function method

A method for generating waves in Boussinesq-type wave models is described. The method employs a source term added to the governing equations, either in the form of a mass source in the continuity equation or an applied pressure forcing in the momentum equations. Assuming linearity, we derive a transfer function which relates source amplitude to surface wave characteristics. We then test the model for generation of desired incident waves, including regular and random waves, for both one and two dimensions. We also compare some model results with analytical solution and available experiment data.     

祁连山木里地区侏罗系窑街组烃源岩生烃潜力评价

祁连山木里坳陷侏罗系窑街组煤系泥岩和煤有机质丰度、有机质类型和有机质成熟度分析结果表明, 窑街组煤系泥岩为好的烃源岩, 有机质类型为Ⅱ₁型, 处于成熟阶段, 以生油为主, 生气为辅; 煤为差等烃源岩, 有机质类型为Ⅲ型, 处于成熟阶段, 富氢基质镜质体含量高, 具有一定的生烃潜力。综合其它层位烃源岩分析结果, 认为窑街组煤系泥岩和晚三叠世尕勒得寺组湖相泥岩为祁连山木里地区天然气水合物的主要气源岩。      

Hydrological processes of glacier and snow melting and runoff in the Urumqi River source region,eastern Tianshan Mountains,China

Hydrological processes were compared, with and without the influence of precipitation on discharge, to identify the differences between glacierized and non-glacierized catchments in the Urumqi River source region, on the northern slope of the eastern Tianshan Mountains, during the melting season (May-September) in 2011. The study was based on hydrological data observed at 10-min intervals, meteorological data observed at 15-min intervals, and glacier melting and snow observations from the Empty Cirque, Zongkong, and Urumqi Glacier No.1 gauging stations. The results indicated that the discharge differed markedly among the three gauging stations. The daily discharge was more than the nightly discharge at the Glacier No.1 gauging station, which contrasted with the patterns observed at the Zongkong and Empty Cirque gauging stations. There was a clear daily variation in the discharge at the three gauging stations, with differences in the magnitude and duration of the peak discharge. When precipitation was not considered, the time-lags between the maximum discharge and the highest temperature were 1-3 h, 10-16 h, and 5-11 h at the Glacier No.1, Empty Cirque, and Zongkong gauging stations, respectively. When precipitation was taken into consideration, the corresponding time-lags were 0-1 h, 13 h, and 6-7 h, respectively. Therefore, the duration from the generation of discharge to confluence was the shortest in the glacierized catchment and the longest in the catchment where was mainly covered by snow. It was also shown that the hydrological process from the generation of discharge to confluence shortened when precipitation was considered. The factors influencing changes in the discharge among the three gauging stations were different. For Glacier No.1 station, the discharge was mainly controlled by heat conditions in the glacierized region, and the discharge displayed an accelerated growth when the temperature exceeded 5°C in the melt season. It was found that the englacial and subglacial drainage channel of Glacier No.1 had become simpler during the past 20 years. Its weaker retardance and storage of glacier melting water resulted in rapid discharge confluence. It was also shown that the discharge curve and the time-lag between the maximum discharge and the highest temperature could be used to reveal the evolution of the drainage system and the process of glacier and snow melting at different levels of glacier coverage.     

生成周期视角下旅游业内部绩效评价及其影响机制——以张家界为例

在旅游业绩效内涵及相关理论研究基础上,界定旅游业内部绩效概念及其特征,从产业生成周期视角,评价和探讨旅游业内部绩效及其影响机制。采用1989-2013年张家界旅游相关数据,结合小波分析、耦合—协调模型和路径分析等研究方法,研究发现：① 出现期,张家界旅游处于投入阶段,产业结构极度失调,高度化上下波动,内部绩效均值为1.199;② 生成期,旅游经济快速增长,结构合理性中度失调,高度化周期波动,内部绩效均值为6.265,经济绩效表现较好;③ 发展期,旅游经济绩效经历了三次下降,产业结构优质协调,高度化在调整中稳步前进,内部绩效均值为47.885,结构绩效表现较好;④ 影响机制：总体来说,经济水平、交通、旅游总需求社会固定资产和政府支出是主要影响因子,但不同阶段作用机理有所差异。研究对张家界旅游业理性发展及可持续发展具有一定科学指导意义。     

旅游投资决定机制及其时空响应——以张家界为例

以张家界为例,分析了旅游投资决定机制的演变;运用旅游产业响应强度模型,分析武陵源区对旅游投资的时间响应特征,并阐述了在政府和市场作用下张家界旅游产业的空间响应和重构。结果显示：① 从投资决定机制演变看,投资制度安排决定了张家界旅游发展不同时期的投资主体差异,并随制度的演变,凸显了阶段性旅游投资分工格局。② 从时间响应看,在出现期,响应系数由1989年的0.1282增加到1992年的0.1341;在生成期,由1993年的0.1631提高到1999年的0.8511;在发展期,再从2000年的0.8767提高到2012年的1.1214,反映出旅游投资力度的强弱直接影响响应系数的大小。③ 从空间响应看,在政府、世界遗产管理制度和市场共同作用下,形成了以武陵源和天门山两个5A级景区为核心的空间格局,以及“景区游,城区住”的产业布局;经过重构后,旅游服务密度的排序为：桑植县<慈利县<永定区<武陵源区。     

初次运移中的同位素分馏效应

在陆相干酪根生排烃过程中,烃类可能会发生同位素分馏效应。干酪根的热降解过程、烃类的二次裂解以及初次运移过程中的扩散都可能发生同位素分馏。下面的初次运移模拟实验通过在源岩中加入氘代的正构十五烷（n-C15D32）来研究初次运移中的同位素分馏。实验结果表明,烃类在富镜质体煤中初次运移会发生比较强的同位素分馏（在不到10 cm距离里发生了约3‰的同位素分馏）,而在丝炭和暗色泥岩的初次运移中的同位素分馏不明显。富镜质体煤有复杂的孔隙结构和较大的比表面积,Ⅲ型干酪根的热降解的区间比较宽,因此生排烃过程比较复杂,比较容易产生同位素分馏。鉴于煤系排烃的这些特点,在油—源对比中,应该考虑生排烃中可能发生的同位素分馏效应。      

VC环境下二维人机联作正反演系统设计与实现

依据在找矿过程中采集的大量野外实测数据,基于VC++开发平台进行地电断面图模拟显示,并对其进行网格剖分、地电断面剖分三角单元数值自动获取和交互式修改三角单元电性参数的二维人机联作正反演系统的设计实现.利用该系统对河北某地发现的大型锌矿的部分野外实测资料作了处理和人机联作反演,并与钻井资料进行了对比.而且进一步设计实现了在三维空间上的联作反演,以进行更精确的矿体定位及矿体储量预测.系统的主要特点是以可视化的方式实现了在计算机屏幕上显示并修改地电断面和计算结果的功能,界面友好、操作方便、易于使用.     

海拉尔盆地煤及煤系泥岩生排烃定量评价

海拉尔盆地具有多煤阶煤分布。煤系源岩生、排烃数据反映:最好的煤层是南上段,其次是大上段;最有利的煤系泥岩是铜钵庙组与南屯组。各凹陷煤系源岩生气量大小顺序为:呼和湖凹陷>贝尔凹陷>乌尔逊凹陷>呼伦湖凹陷。各凹陷煤系源岩生油量多少顺序为:乌尔逊凹陷>呼和湖凹陷>贝尔凹陷>呼伦湖凹陷。煤系源岩排油量大小顺序为:乌尔逊凹陷、贝尔凹陷、呼和湖凹陷、呼伦湖凹陷。可见,乌尔逊凹陷、贝尔凹陷、呼和湖凹陷具有良好的煤成油气勘探前景,是海拉尔盆地寻找煤成气、煤成油资源不可忽视的有利地区。      

Deformation metamorphism of bituminous and anthracite coals from China

Tectonic displacement of coal seams in China has resulted in faulting parallel to coal bedding. Displacement along these faults caused significant comminution of the coal on the footwall contributing to various mining problems, the worst of which is catastrophic failure, or “outbursting” of the working face during mining. The granular texture and mostly unconsolidated nature of the coal suggests that faulting occurred relatively late in the coalification sequence, at a time of maximum tectonic stress. Coal samples taken on either side of the fault plane (normal and deformed coal layers) were obtained in an effort to establish what influence these tectonic stresses might have had on coal properties as well as what they might reveal about the influence of tectonic pressure on organic maturity. Sample sets were collected within coal beds from undisturbed and adjacent deformed layers, including 21 bituminous samples from the Pingdingshan coal field and nine anthracite samples from the Jiaozuo coal field, the Tieshenggou coal mine of the Yuxi coal field in Henan province, the Beijing Xishan coal field, the Baijiao mine of the Furong coal field in Sichuang province and the Baisha coal field in Hunan province, China. Results from vitrinite reflectance, proximate and ultimate analyses show some differences in reflectance, hydrogen content and nitrogen content of anthracite coal. No significant difference was found between volatile matter yields of normal and deformed coal specimens. GC measurements of the saturated hydrocarbon fraction of chloroform extracts from bituminous coals showed that lower molecular weight carbon fragments were concentrated in the deformed samples. Therefore, although changes in the gross chemical properties of the deformed coal were insignificant, some modification of the chemical structure is seen to have occurred as a result of exposure to tectonic pressure.     

由起潮力反演含油(水)层的应力变化

通过水平层状封闭含油层模型,根据弹性理论和地下流体动力学理论,结合固体潮理论,研究了起潮力油井动态的影响,给出了由起潮力反演含油层应力的方法,用该方法计算了１９８３年菏泽Ｍｓ５．９地震和日本秋田Ｍｓ７．７地震的应力降,所得结果与用其他方法计算的结果相近。