MEASUREMENTS OF ICE-FORMING RATES PRODUCED BY SUPERSONIC FLOW AND INVESTIGATION OF MECHANISMS OF ICE CRYSTAL GENERATION

The ice forming rates p_i produced by supersonic flow have been measured in supercooled fog suspended in a coldchamber at temperatures of 0 to-12℃.It has been shown that the ice-forming rates are 10~(11)to 10~(12)crystals per gramof air at Mach numbers of 1.1 to 1.84 and total pressures below 6 atm,and that the ice-forming rates slowly increasewith increasing Mach numbers and total pressures and with decreasing ambient temperatures.These results aretheoretically consistent with the rules for expansion in supersonic flow.In review of mechanisms of ice crystal generation,authors propose that the homogeneous nucleation-freezing(condensation-freezing)of water vapor in supersonic flow be the dominant mechanism.In our opinion,supersonic flow,for artificial precipitation,could be expected to provide an economical,non-polluting and convenient technology,andsuitable for the long-distance operation.The data obtained from our experiments indicate that it is feasible to develop anew technique for weather modification.     

盐关河北东东向活断裂活动性与地震成因关系的初探

盐关河北东东向活断裂晚更新世以来活动性很强,长期保持着左错构造运动,水平幅度大,平均左行滑动速率为5mm/a。80km地震破裂形变带的分布是其最新活动的地质标志,断错微地貌构造特征显著。活断裂带上古地震遗迹的发掘也印证了全新世以来该断裂经历了多次强地震活动。全新世早期是盐关河断裂活动的全盛期,强震活动属分散结点发震类型。盐关河断裂的破裂发展受现今构造应力场N50°～60°E主压应力方向的控制,与1654年罗家堡8级地震有成因关系。研究认为:交叉破裂为发震机制;稠泥河北北西向与盐关河北东东向活断裂交叉复合为发震构造的背景;北北西向喇糜隆起带为控震构造。     

岩浆的生成、运移和混合——29届国际地质大会专题简介

介绍了洋中脊玄武岩浆、岛弧岩浆、地幔热柱成因的玄武质岩浆、俯冲带岩浆、长英质岩浆、的生成问题;岩浆运移的理论及制约因素;混合岩浆的成因机制及其有关标志。     

油气盆地生烃史模拟的动力学方法

油气盆地生烃史动力学模型的建立以化学反应动力学理论为基础,利用开放系统和封闭系统的生油岩热解进行动力学模型的参数反演,从面确定模型的动力学参数,正确评价生油岩潜在的油气资源.     

碰撞造山带地壳上地幔热结构研究——以东南沿海地区石城—惠安剖面为例

由于碰撞造山带具有的地壳结构的复杂性,必须采用新的研究方法来分析其热结构。本文以东南沿海地区为例,根据地震波速与生热率之间的相关性,分析了碰撞造山带的地壳上地幔热结构特征。取得了地壳中的生热率分布状态。在此基础上,讨论了岩石圈热状态与构造发展历史的关系,并进一步揭示了东南沿海地区碰撞造山带的构造热演化历史。     

Simulation of one-dimensional correlated fields using a matrix-factorization moving average approach

The simulation of one-dimensional stationary correlated fields is of increasing importance in the earth sciences. A new method for repeated generation of independent realizations, which are long and dense relative to the correlation scale of the underlying stochastic process, is examined here. This method is conceptually simple and easy to apply. It consists of a matrix-factorization technique for derivation of moving average coefficients which are used as weights in the construction of successive observations from linear combinations of random normal deviates. The matrix-factorization procedure is fast and need be performed only once for a given correlation function and density of observations. This technique can be used to generate evenly spaced observations in time or a single space dimension for any prescribed correlation function and marginal distribution which is Gaussian with arbitrary mean and variance. Tests of ensemble properties of generation procedures have been developed and results for this method compared with those for a popular generation technique. For correlation functions and generation conditions examined, the matrix-factorization moving average approach more accurately produces ensemble characteristics of the prescribed underlying process. For repeated generation of 2001 observations spaced evenly over realizations with length equal to 100 times the correlation scale, the moving average approach requires only about one fifth the CPU time used by the Shinozuka and Jan method to obtain similar accuracy.     

Organic matter maturation under the influence of a deep intrusive heat source: A natural experiment for quantitation of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion from a petroleum source rock (Toarcian shale, northern Germany)

Four shallow boreholes were drilled in the Hils syncline, northern Germany, in order to determine quantitatively the amount of hydrocarbons generated and expelled during maturation of a typical kerogen-type-II-bearing source rock. The holes penetrated the carbonceous Lias shales (Posidonia shale, Lower Toarcian) and part of the adjacent Dogger α and Lias δ mudstones. The maturity of the organic matter in the cores recovered ranges from immature (0.48% R̄₀) to overmature 1.45% R̄₀) due to location of the Hils syncline in the vicinity of the Vlotho Massif, which is deep-seated intrusive body. Facies variations of the Lias within the short geographical distances in the study area are negligible.Organic matter mass balance calculations were based on detailed organic geochemical analyses of residual material in the Lias shales (kerogen, bitumen etc.) and on the evidence of a uniform initial composition of these sediments in the study area. Dead carbon determinations supported this latter criterion but were not used as a parameter in the calculations.About 50% of the initial kerogen was transformed into oil, gas and inorganic compounds during the vitrinite reflectance increase from 0.48 to 0.88% R̄_o and only marginally more during the maturity increase from 0.88 to 1.45% R̄_o. Only a small portion of the generated material remained in the source rock even at a relatively early stage of generation (0.68% R̄_o). Expulsion efficiency of oil plus gas reached a value of 86% at the end of the main generation stage (0.88% R̄_o).     

A model for the generation of simultaneous daily discharges of two rivers at their point of confluence

A geomorphological study at the confluence of the Danube and the Isar in Bavaria required long series of daily discharges in both rivers. A model that generates simultaneous correlated streamflows in both rivers was developed and tested. The model is a modified shot noise model, first developed by Treiber (1975) for a single river, that was adapted to two rivers. It generates correlated pulses of events that produce flow for each river, and these pulses are then convoluted with a river specific systems function. The model, after being calibrated for the two rivers on the basis of 85 years of records, yields artificial series of discharges, in which the statistical properties of the historical records are reproduced. The performance of the model was tested with 20 generated series each 100 years long.     

地球油气资源潜力是自然科学的基本问题

石油与天然气以其在地球内部的广泛分布、巨大的资源量及其使用的高效性而在世界经济中起主导作用。油气分布与地球生物圈的存在紧密相关。油气是生物圈中被埋藏的生物存在的一种特殊形式。我们应将油气形成与沉积岩的去流体作用相联系，这些沉积岩富含有机质，当达到１００℃的温度条件时，就有油气形成。油气形成是沉积盆地所伴随的一种普遍的作用，并具有其自身的演化体系。沉积盆地产生的油气可上升到达低温、低压带。油气富集而成的油气藏出现于１～２ｋｍ深度处。推测油气生成非常快，因此，我们认为油气可作为再生矿物燃料。