森林小流域的降雨出流机制的探讨

本文简述了森林小流域中降雨—截流—下渗—地中水—地表水各个环节的作用。作者认为,在降雨出流过程中,下渗和土壤中的快速流是非常重要的部分,而地表出流所占的比例是比较小的。一般来说,森林土壤的下渗率比较大,森林流域的贮水能力也是很可观的。这些就决定了森林流域的产流不是霍顿产流,也不同于现在流行的许多产流理论和模式。在湿润地区形成产流区时的特点并非是表层土壤首先饱和,而是地下水位或被地下水支持的饱和毛细管带上升到表面附近使该区发生饱和,因而产生以及维持这种饱和状态所需的垂直下渗和地中水的侧向补给是流域是否发生产流的先决条件之一,而地表流可认为是回归流。此外,流域地中水产流对降雨响应过程可认为是由作用在毛细管带中的水的压力平衡受破坏而引起的,这个压力通过毛细管带传递到饱和带。作用在毛细管带中的水的压力平衡受破坏的原因可以是封存在土壤中的被瞬间压缩的空气压力作用,也可以是降雨直接接触到已发展至地表的非饱和毛细管带的上缘。     

羌塘盆地中部侏罗系埋藏史和生烃史

综合野外观测、地震反射、钻探标定及镜质体反射率、古地温等相关资料,分析羌塘盆地中部不同地区侏罗系海相沉积地层的埋藏史、热史和生烃史。结果显示,羌塘盆地万安湖地区、半岛湖背斜、阿木错地区、比洛错古油藏早侏罗世海相泥页岩在沉积之后,中、晚侏罗世埋深快速增加,镜质体反射率R_o随之增大,晚侏罗世早中期下侏罗统泥页岩镜质体反射率R_o增至0.5%,主力烃源岩进入生烃门限开始生烃;早白垩世早期145～143Ma侏罗系海相地层埋深、古地温和R_o达到极大值,比洛错油页岩开始早期生油,阿木错主力烃源岩进入第一期生烃高峰。早白垩世构造隆升及风化剥蚀导致侏罗系海相地层向上折返,埋深减小,晚白垩世和古近纪早期前陆凹陷和红层沉积导致侏罗系海相地层埋深增加。比洛错古油藏Toarcian期油页岩晚白垩世末期古地温和R_o达到最大值,～66Ma形成生烃高峰;阿木错地区Toarcian期含油泥页岩始新世中期～43Ma埋深达到最大值,形成第二期生烃高峰。     

Macropores and preferential flow—a love‐hate relationship

Preferential flow is of high relevance for runoff generation, transport of chemicals and nutrients, and the transit time distribution of water in the soil or watershed. However, preferential flow effects are generally ignored in lumped hydrological models. And even most physically‐based models ignore macropores and preferential flow features at the soil and hillslope scale. Keith Beven was never satisfied with this situation and he tried again and again to convince the scientific community to focus their research on the complex topic of macropore and preferential flow. Although he recognized how difficult it is to correctly include preferential flow in hydrological models, he made substantial progress defining and describing macropore flow and showing its relevance, developing models to simulate preferential flow, and in particular, the interaction between macropores and the soil matrix. In this short commentary, I reflect on these achievements and outline a vision for research in preferential flow experiments and modeling.     

REDD+ and incentives: An analysis of income generation in forest-dependent communities of the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve,Ecuador

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is considered a promising strategy to slow down deforestation rates, promote sustainable forest use, and support rural livelihoods under the umbrella of climate change mitigation. However, so far there is only little field-based knowledge on how REDD+ can go along with subsistence-based production systems and livelihoods of forest-dependent communities. We addressed this research gap by analyzing the income generation of three widespread ethnic groups (Colonists, Shuar, Kichwa) in the buffer zone of the Yasuní National Park in Ecuador to better understand their livelihoods and possible engagement in REDD+. We selected two communities of each ethnic group (close-to and far-from markets) and used household surveys to (a) calculate household incomes, (b) assess the degree of forest-dependency, and (c) discuss how REDD+ schemes can be designed along with traditional subsistence-based production systems. We found that the studied indigenous communities have a higher degree of forest-dependency and higher environmental income compared to Colonists. However, our assumption that close-to-market communities have a lower degree of forest dependency and higher cash income due to better market access and labor opportunities applies only to the Colonists and Shuar, but must be rejected for the Kichwas who gain income from timber sale. Despite these differences, all communities receive high off-farm revenues from unskilled labor provided by oil-companies and external aid. Therefore, dependency on agriculture and forestry is temporarily reduced. Under these circumstances, REDD+ provides only weak financial incentives so that the willingness to participate in REDD+ is low.     

小流域产汇流模型的建立

根据湿润地区蓄满产流的思想和“水箱原理”建立小流域 (以颍河支流汾河上游区为例 )产汇流模型 ,分析从降水到洪水形成过程 ,并对模型参数的意义和在军事上的应用做了简要阐述。     

河东煤田中南部煤层气地质及其勘探开发前景

通过对煤层生,储,盖,构造演化史及水文地质特征的研究,讨论了研究区煤层气开发的前景。结果表明：区内主要煤层具有良好的生气潜能,储集和盖层封盖性能,构造演化和水文地质条件是影响煤层气富集的主要因素;煤层气藏的浅部区主要以中小规模构造圈闭气藏的形式存在,深部区的较大规模的水动力圈团或复合圈闭气藏;柳林西南煤层６００～１５００ｍ埋深区域是目前进行进一步开发工作的首选区域。     

沉积盆地构造应力场研究综述

阐述了构造应力场在盆地演化分析、油气的生成和运聚、裂缝形成等方面的应用现状及发展趋向,指出在盆地演化分析中构造应力场的研究应以盆地形成演化过程中的原始沉积特征为依据,构造应力与流体（油、气、水）之间的相互作用表现为应力场、温度场、渗流场的相互耦合,定量研究它们的耦合关系及时空变化规律是认识构造应力和流体作用的主要途径。比较客观地探讨了构造应力场模拟、构造应力大小和方向、起源等问题。     

On the interaction of a solitary wave and a submerged dike

The unsteady, two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations and the exact free surface boundary conditions were solved to study the interaction of a solitary wave and a submerged dike. A piston-type wavemaker was set up in the computational domain to produce the incident solitary waves. The incident wave and the associated boundary layer flow in a wave tank with a flat bed were compared with the analytical solutions to verify the accuracy of this numerical scheme. Effects of the incident wave height and the size of the dike on the wave transformation, the flow fields, and the drag forces on the dike were discussed. Our numerical results showed that even though the induced local shear stress on the top surface of the dike is large at some particular locations, the resultant pressure drag is much larger than the friction drag. The primary vortex generated at the lee side of the dike and the secondary vortex at the right toe of the dike may scour the bottom and cause a severe problem for the dike.     

Predictions of the hydrodynamic performance of the wave rotor wave energy device

This paper provides a linear solution for the Wave Rotor, a wave energy device that comprises two parallel counter rotating cylinders in orbital motion. Theoretical results are obtained for the radiated waves generated by the device, and for its efficiency. Comparisons with earlier measurements of radiated waves show very promising agreement.     

Coastline configuration disrupts the effects of large-scale climatic forcing, leading to divergent temporal trends in wave exposure

Both climate change and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) may influence coastal systems by altering wave exposure. The effects of such climatic forcing are often coherent over relatively large geographic areas. Temporal trends in wave exposure at any particular shore are, however, the result of an interaction between site-specific fetch characteristics and changes in wind climate. This leads to contrasting trends in wave exposure at locations separated by no more than a few kilometres. Wave exposures were estimated at locations around a sea lough over 32 years to characterise these scales of variability. Locations separated by approximately 5 km had independent dynamics with respect to the temporal trend (correlation range −0.35 to 0.44) and to associations with the NAO (correlation range −0.18 to 0.40). Wave exposure can therefore be increasing for a section of shore while nearby areas have the opposite trend. Mean exposure at a location was not a good predictor of the temporal trend. More exposed sites were, however, sensitive to variations in the strength of the NAO. The reduction of large scale forcing to small-scale variability has implications for the detection and mitigation of potential climate change impacts.