Fifty years of organisational change in container shipping: regional shift and the role of family firms

Spectacular growth has marked the industry initiated by Malcolm McLean with the sailing of the Ideal-X in 1956. While the growth of container shipping has been typically seen in terms of technological advances, increasing vessel capacity, traffic growth, financial performance and competitiveness, it has been shaped also by organisational transformations. This paper provides an overview of the major companies that make up the container shipping industry, tracing the rapid adoption of containerisation by American carriers to its diffusion to Europe and then Asia. While several carriers belong to business conglomerates, the most dynamic in recent years have been those that are those that possess a family structure. About 12 of the present top 20 carriers are largely family controlled, including 4 out of the top 5. Unlike other capital intensive industries, where the power has shifted towards corporate governance, the container shipping industry retains a strong individualistic entrepreneurial character. At a time when North American ownership in container shipping is no more, the spirit of innovation began 50 years ago by an American visionary is still evident in the entrepreneurial dynamism of many of the industry leaders.     

嘉黎断裂带活动性研究进展

嘉黎断裂是一条横贯青藏高原东南部的大型走滑断裂,在印度和欧亚板块碰撞前后通过调整应力平衡发挥着重要作用.本文根据前人对嘉黎断裂的研究成果,从地质学和地球物理学的角度,系统地总结分析嘉黎断裂带构造背景、壳幔结构、晚第四纪和现今的活动性质和速率.基于地质学方法,搜集前人在测年方面的研究结果,限定断裂的活动年限以及活动速率.同时在东段的北侧分支嘎龙寺附近,采用光释光测年法增加两个测年点,完善活动速度资料,并对断裂自西向东不同部位的走滑速率和错动断距进行对比分析.基于地球物理学观测资料,分析地震活动性和壳幔物质的速度结构、各向异性等参数,利用波形拟合方法,新增18个3~5级地震的震源机制解.结果表明,嘉黎断裂现今的构造变形主要表现为右旋走滑运动,但是在不同的分段具有显著的差异性,新生的西兴拉—达木分支是地震最活跃的区域.在此基础上,探讨青藏高原的构造演化过程,分析东构造结地区构造运动的稳定性,为川藏铁路雅安—林芝段工程建设地质灾害风险评估提供必要参考资料.     

Characteristics,differences and main controlling factors of source rocks in the central‐southern South China Sea Basins

The South China Sea is rich in oil and gas resources. With the increasing exploration of oil and gas resources in the northern South China Sea and the increasing demand for energy in the world, The central‐southern South China Sea have become important constituencies for oil and gas resources. The central‐southern basins of South China Sea can be divided into three types of basin groups, namely, the southern basin group (Zengmu Basin, Brunei‐Sabah Basin), the western basin group (Wan'an Basin, Zhong jiannan Basin) and the Central Basin Group (Liyue Basin, Beikang Basin, Nanweixi Basin and Palawan Basin). At present, the degree of exploration is relatively low, and the source rock has not yet formed a understanding of the system. The main source rock development time, source rock characteristics, hydrocarbon generation potential and control factors of each basin group are still unclear, which seriously restricts the exploration of oil and gas. Based on the sedimentary facies distribution and sedimentary filling evolution, combined with the geoche mical characteristics of the source rocks, the source age, organic matter type, hydrocarbon generation potential and main controlling factors of the basins in the central‐southern basins are discussed. By the detailed research on delta scale, provenance system, paleoclimate conditions, ancient vegetation development and hydroca rbon generation parent material, the main controlling factors of hydrocarbon generation potential of source rocks in each basin group are revealed.     

中国内地客源赴澳门旅游的空间差异及影响因素分析

中国内地已经成长为澳门最大的客源市场。论文依据澳门入境旅游统计数据,并运用计量地理学及因子分析相关方法综合分析中国内地客源赴澳门旅游的空间差异及影响因素。研究结果显示:中国东南沿海省区仍将是澳门的主要客源地,从2011至2016年内地客源赴澳门旅游的空间均衡重心点逐渐向北-向西移动,中国内地客源市场北方省区、中西部省区游客赴澳门旅游的市场潜力不断增大,内地客源赴澳门旅游的空间集聚程度日益离散,经济发展基础及消费能力是影响中国内地客源赴澳门旅游的主要因素。     

Access to electricity for all and the role of decentralized solar power in sub-Saharan Africa

ABSTRACT

Several hundred million people in sub-Saharan Africa are at risk of being without access to electricity by 2030 despite the ongoing work aimed at achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 7—sustainable energy for all. Based on qualitative interviews, quantitative surveys, observation, and participation in Kenya and Senegal between 2010 and 2018, the author aims to explain why the rate of progress is slower than intended. The findings highlight three strong hindrances: lack of affordability due to extreme poverty, mismatch between the village-level outreach of grid-based electricity systems and the geography of settlements, and lack of consideration given to gender inequality. The findings also provide new insights into the ways that decentralized small-scale solar power increasingly meets some of the shortcomings of centralized grids in addressing these three issues, even in rural areas where grids are already present. The author concludes that the ways in which village communities have combined the use of solar-powered energy with grid-supplied energy indicates the importance of the former and the need to intensify efforts to improve solar power delivery models and integrate them fully in energy sector strategies.     

中国东部海陆热力差异与华南冬季雾霾的气候学关联

根据中国东部冬季海陆热力分异和耦合作用关系,构建了纬向海陆热力差异指标。从大气环流和降水角度,揭示了局地海陆热力差异对中国东部相对湿度变化的影响。基于此,探讨了局地海陆热力差异与华南地区冬季雾霾形成、转化和趋势变化的气候学关联。结果表明：冬季海陆热力对比显著的耦合区位于华南地区和菲律宾海东部海域,形成的局地海陆热力差异具有约17 a左右的年代际变化,20世纪80年代初其由强转弱的趋势突变明显。局地海陆热力差异增强时,华南地区冬季东北风异常加强,由东中国海（渤海、黄海和东海）及日本海向华南地区的水汽输送和降水也呈现增强趋势,这有利于华南地区相对湿度的异常增加。受局地海陆热力差异调控,华南地区偏湿期和偏干期约以17 a的周期交替出现。20世纪80年代之前的偏湿期,华南地区雾日条件湿度基本保持不变,之后环境相对湿度逐渐降低,引起雾日偏少。由于华南地区本底（平均）相对湿度更利于霾的形成,在污染物排放或迁移累积增强的情形下,相对湿度的降低抑制霾向雾的转化,使得雾日持续减少,而霾日趋于增加,特别在21世纪初的偏干峰值期霾日增加速率达到最高。21世纪20年代华南地区相继进入偏干期,气候变暖导致饱和比湿加大,未来霾天气趋多趋强、持续时间长等极端特性和高危险性特点将更为突显。     

青藏高原"一江两河"农区居民食物消费结构与特征

居民食物消费受自然地理环境、城镇化等因素影响,同时通过市场机制影响区域粮食安全和农牧业发展。以西藏“一江两河”地区为例,基于分层抽样,通过2019年实地入户调研,获取了262户农村居民上年度食物消费数据,对青藏高原农区居民的食物消费结构及其影响因素进行分析。结果表明：① 样本内居民的植物性食物的消费量是动物性食物的3.19倍,植物性食物以蔬菜和粮食为主,动物性食物以肉类和牛奶为主;青稞及青稞酒在藏民饮食中占有重要地位。② 居民食物消费规模和结构与食物自给率指标密切相关,自给自足特征显著。③ 不同地区、家庭规模、务工规模、收入水平以及家庭年龄之间,居民的家庭食物消费结构均有所差异,且不同家庭之间面粉和水果的消费差异最显著。④ 区域差异、家庭规模类型和家庭务工规模是影响样本农区居民食物消费综合差异的主要因素。结果可为青藏高原地区居民食物消费结构改善、膳食营养提升以及农牧业转型发展提供科学基础和决策借鉴。     

气候态调整对华北冬、夏季气候监测的影响研究

本研究对比分析了不同气候态下,华北冬、夏季降水及气温的差异,分析了气候平均值的改变对历史极端事件监测的可能影响。研究结果发现,1991～2020年（简称气候Ⅱ态）的冬季和夏季的平均降水量均略多于1981～2010年（简称气候Ⅰ态）,但接近或略少于1961～2020年的平均降水量,平均降水量逐年变化幅度冬季Ⅱ态小于Ⅰ态,夏季反之。气候Ⅱ态冬季降水空间分布不均,夏季较Ⅰ态呈“中部减少,东西增加”的分布型。冬季和夏季极端降水阈值Ⅱ态（0.86 mm和22.0 mm）较Ⅰ态（0.83 mm和21.6 mm）均略有提高,造成近60年华北大部基于Ⅱ态阈值的冬、夏季极端降水日数较Ⅰ态略减少。此外,气候Ⅱ态的华北冬、夏季平均气温均明显高于Ⅰ态,也高于1961～2020年平均值。Ⅱ态气温较Ⅰ态基本呈全区增加特征,但空间分布不均匀。冬季极端低温和夏季极端高温阈值Ⅱ态（-9.8°C和27.9°C）较Ⅰ态（-10.2°C和27.5°C）均有所有所提高,造成华北大部分地区基于Ⅱ态阈值的近60年冬季极端低温日数较Ⅰ态有所增加,夏季极端高温日数较Ⅰ态存在不同程度的减少。因此,新气候态下华北气温和降水均值,华北大部极...     

Pixel Factory制作正射影像的应用探讨

通过Pixel Factory在一些大区域项目的高频率、高质量的使用,总结出了一套科学合理、高速高效的应用方法以及在应用过程中一些软件出现的普遍问题的解决办法。     

江南春雨的时空分布特征及其旱涝年环流差异

利用1979—2010年中国753站逐日降水资料,定义了江南春雨时间范围(12—27候)和空间范围(110~120°E,23~30°N),并通过EOF方法分析了江南春雨的时空分布特征,得到3个主要模态:全区一致型、南北反相型和东西反相型。在此基础上,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料合成分析了江南春雨的旱涝年的环流差异。结果表明:江南春雨偏涝年,上游青藏高原东南侧的西南风增强,西太平洋副热带高压加强西伸,有利于来自副高南侧的水汽与高原南侧的水汽汇合向江南地区输送,而江南地区的上升运动也明显加强,有利于江南地区降水的产生。进一步分析发现在春雨期涝年青藏高原的热源强度明显强于旱年,导致高原东南侧的绕流增强,进而有利于江南地区的降水,而旱年情况大致相反。此外,比较旱涝年西太平洋—东亚大陆之间的纬向海陆热力差异发现,涝年大约在第11候发生冷热源的反转,旱年则在第16候反转。涝年江南地区春雨期热源强度也明显强于旱年,进一步说明江南地区冷热源的反转以及增强对于江南地区的降水具有重要的作用,同时对于判定江南春雨的季风降水性质具有重要指示意义。