基于CA模型的乌鲁木齐都市圈城市用地扩展模拟研究

借助CA模型技术,基于乌鲁木齐都市圈城市用地发展的特点,构建了模拟多个城市群体扩展的CA模型,重点对模型的转换规则进行了扩展,把用地适宜性约束、城市内部社会经济驱动、城市之间相互作用力、区域生态格局限制、城市发展规模有限这几个方面的作用机制融入到模型的规则制定中,通过宏观约束、中观调节、微观驱动3个层次逐步实现;为了使社会经济数据与CA模型中的空间数据相匹配,对社会经济数据进行了空间化表达;在历史数据的参照下,所构建的模型经过反复调试与修正,模拟结果达到了较为满意的效果;应用此模型模拟了经济优先、生态优先与规划优先3种不同情景下的城市用地扩展,对都市圈城市用地今后的发展起到重要的启示作用。     

The seismic microzonation of the city of Catania (Italy) for the maximum expected scenario earthquake of January 11, 1693

Safety against earthquake hazards presents two aspects: structural safety against potentially destructive dynamic forces and site safety related to geotechnical phenomena, such as amplification, landsliding and soil liquefaction. The correct evaluation of seismic hazard is, therefore, highly affected by risk factors due to geological nature and geotechnical properties of soils. In response to these new developments, several attempts have been made to identify and appraise geotechnical hazards and to represent them in the form of zoning maps, in which locations or zones with different levels of hazard potential are identified. The geotechnical zonation of the subsoil of the city of Catania (Italy) suggests a high vulnerability of the physical environment added to site amplification of the ground motion phenomena. The ground response analysis at the surface, in terms of time history and response spectra, has been obtained by some 1D equivalent linear models and by a 2D linear model, using a design scenario earthquake as input at the conventional bedrock. In particular, the study has regarded the evaluation of site effects in correspondence of the database of about 1200 boreholes and water-wells available in the data-bank of the Catania area. According to the response spectra obtained through the application of the 1D and 2D models, the city of Catania has been divided into some zones with different peak ground acceleration at the surface, to which corresponds a different value of the Seismic Geotechnical Hazard. A seismic microzoning map of the urban area of the city of Catania has been obtained. The map represents an important tool for the seismic improvement of the buildings, indispensable for the mitigation of the seismic risk.     

The road map for seismic risk analysis in a Mediterranean city

The seismic risk analysis evaluation in the Mediterranean area is one of the main tasks for the preservation of Cultural Heritage and for the sustainable development of Mediterranean cities. The Mediterranean area is characterised by a medium–high level of seismic risk, so that earthquakes are the major cause for the destruction of monuments, residential and industrial buildings. A case history regarding the seismic risk analysis for the city of Catania (Italy) is presented, since the city has been heavy damaged in the past by strong earthquakes such as the 1169 earthquake (XI MCS), the 1542 earthquake (IX MCS), the 1693 earthquake (XI MCS) and the 1818 earthquake (VIII MCS) etc., which caused several thousands of deaths. Fault modelling, attenuation laws, synthetic accelerograms, recorded accelerograms and site effects are considered for the evaluation of the seismic action. Vulnerability of physical environment, related to the presence of cavities and to seismic-induced landslides and liquefaction has been analysed, with special reference to the new modelling of such phenomena and to the application of models to given areas. Soil–structure Interaction has been analysed for some geotechnical works, such as shallow foundation and retaining wall, by means of physical and numerical modelling. The paper deals with the vulnerability of physical environment (landslides, liquefaction, etc.), while the road map continues with the analysis of vulnerability of monuments and buildings, with the aim of the estimation of the seismic resistance required to defend against the seismic action given by the scenario earthquake. For the mitigation of seismic risk, structural improvements of R.C. buildings with different methodology and techniques have been analysed, as well as the guideline for the strengthening of buildings. The work shows that the seismic risk of the city is not a summation of the seismic risk of each building, because the vulnerability of the urban system plays an important role on the seismic risk evaluation of a given city. To this aim the vulnerability of the road infrastructures, lifelines, and urban framework have been also analysed in the project.     

局地土地利用变化现实情景研究

局地土地利用变化表现为时序短、空间倾向性强且多为人类强制干扰, 其变化过程与结果 是区域尺度响应与反馈国家尺度、全球尺度最有效的途径。城市化、农业结构调整和土地整理是 目前我国局地土地利用变化的几种主要利用方式。城市化是一个不可逆过程, 农村景观转为城市 景观, 改变了诸如地表反照率、粗糙度等下垫面特征, 局地生境与物种的数量与种类发生改变, 逐 步形成以人类为主的均质化景观格局; 农户微观土地利用选择行为是局地农业产业结构调整的 原动力, 不同类型农户在投资、生产与经营等经济活动的差异将导致局地土壤结构、水分、养分等 土壤条件及环境改变; 土地整理是一个复杂的系统工程, 在一定程度上改变了局地土壤性状与土 壤生物, 更甚的是改变了局地斑块- 廊道- 基质模式的景观格局。因此, 为进一步加深局地土地利 用变化情景的理解, 厘定“人- 地协调系统”的理论框架, 进行局地土地利用变化的情景模拟和生 态环境效应研究将是未来局地土地利用变化的研究方向。     

经济全球化背景下中国经济发展空间格局的演变趋势研究

全球化已经成为对国家、地区和企业制定发展策略产生重要影响的因素之一。参与经济全球化已经对中国区域发展空间格局产生了重要影响。在分析中国国际贸易和利用外资现状及发展趋势的基础上,根据相关理论预测了在经济全球化趋势下中国未来区域发展空间格局的可能情景。中国的比较生产成本和市场规模优势仍将对外商直接投资形成较大的吸引力,将进一步强化中国作为"世界工厂"的地位。随着中国进一步参与经济全球化,外资和外贸的发展将促进和强化中国的"T"型空间格局的形成。在这个"T"型空间骨架上将形成若干个以主要门户城市为核心的、具有一定国际竞争力的大都市经济区。     

基于SD模型分析的环鄱阳湖地区发展模式探讨

系统动力学(SD)模型在模拟复杂的区域发展问题中具有明显优势,本文在深入分析环鄱阳湖地区区域发展各子系统、各要素之间关系的基础上,构建了区域发展SD模型,并通过设立4种发展情景模拟了不同发展模式下区域发展特征.结果表明,惯性发展不仅发展速度较慢,同时将带来严重的生态与环境问题;高经济增长低环保投入发展尽管保持了经济的高速增长,但对生态环境将造成较大程度的破坏;高经济增长高环保投入方式通过加大环保投入,能较好地解决经济高速增长所带来的污染问题;而强调经济结构调整的产业优化升级发展方式在保证经济较高速发展的同时,较好地维持了区域生态环境的良性循环.充分考虑环鄱阳湖地区区域特征,本文综合各模式优劣势,提出了推荐发展模式,以实现经济增长与生态环境保护之间的平衡.     

DISCUSSION ON THE SPECTRA SHAPE OF SEISMIC MARGIN EARTHQUAKE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT IN CHINA

Fukushima nuclear accident caused widespread concern of earthquake initiated severe accident. Under this background, China nuclear utilities carried out research and application of seismic margin assessment(SMA)approach to evaluate the seismic margin of the existing nuclear power plants(NPP)by different spectra shape of seismic margin earthquake(SME). By reviewing the method used to determine SME of operational NPP in central and eastern United States(CEUS), this paper analyzed the seismic hazard characteristic of China NPP sites, contrasted the design basis ground motion between NPP in CEUS and China, and suggested giving priority to evaluating the seismic margin of operational NPP that adopted the improved second generation technology for the urgency and importance of assessment on the actual seismic capacity of NPP. Comparing RG1.60 spectrum to normalized site-specific SL-2 level acceleration spectra, we found that some normalized spectra overtook the RG1.60's in high frequency range, so it is not always adequate to scale RG1.60 spectrum to evaluate the seismic margin for sites of the improved second generation NPP. We selected a sample site whose site-specific SL-2 level ground motion is close to the standard design of improved second generation NPP(0.2g scaled RG1.60 spectrum)to determine the seismic margin earthquake by probabilistic seismic hazard analysis method of the sample site. Compared to the given PGA(0.3g)scaled scenario earthquake ground motions and the uniform hazard response spectrum(UHRS), whose PGA is 0.3g to PGA(0.3g)scaled standard spectra(median NUREG/CR0098 spectrum and RG1.60 spectrum), the results demonstrated that uniform hazard response spectrum and scaled scenario earthquake ground motions are both significantly higher than the PGA scaled median NUREG/CR0098 spectrum, and all the three spectra are enveloped by PGA scaled RG1.60 spectrum. Then, this paper suggests adopting the uniform hazard response spectrum or scenario earthquake ground motions to evaluate the seismic margin of improved second generation NPP beyond site SL-2 ground motion; and to evaluate the seismic margin of improved second generation NPP beyond standard design, we recommend to use PGA scaled RG1.60 spectrum.     

Hydrologic response to future land use change in the Upper Mississippi River Basin by the end of 21st century

This study demonstrates the spatial variation in hydrologic processes across the Upper Mississippi River Basin (UMRB) by the end of 21st century, by ingesting FOREcasting Scenarios (FORE‐SCE) of Land‐use Change projections into a physics‐based hydrologic model—Soil and Water Assessment Tool. The model is created for UMRB (440,000 km²), using the National Landcover Database of year 2001 and climate data of 1991–2010. Considering 1991–2010 as the baseline reference period, FORE‐SCE projections of year 2091 under three scenarios (A1B, A2, and B1 from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) are separately assimilated into the calibrated model, whereas climate input is kept the same as in the baseline. Modeling results suggest an increase of 0.5% and 3.5% in the average annual streamflow at the basin outlet (Grafton, Illinois) during 2081–2100, respectively, for A1B and A2, whereas for B1, streamflow would decrease by 1.5%. Under the “worst case” A2 scenario, 6% and 133% increase, respectively, in agricultural and urban areas with 30% depletion of forest and grassland would result into 70% increase in surface runoff, 20% decrease in soil moisture, and 4% decrease in evapotranspiration in certain parts of the basin. Conversion of cropland, forest, or grassland to perennial hay/pasture areas would lower surface runoff by 25% especially in the central region, whereas persistent forest cover in the northern region would cause up to 7% increase in evapotranspiration. The ecosystem in the lower half of UMRB is likely to become adverse, as dictated by a composite water–energy balance indicator. Future land use change extents and resultant hydrologic responses are found significantly different under A2, A1B, and B1 scenarios, which resonates the need for multi‐scenario ensemble assessments towards characterizing a probable future. The spatial variation of hydrologic processes as shown here helps to identify potential “hot spots,” giving ways to adopt more effective policy alternatives at regional level.     

基于数值模拟的设定地震场地谱时程拟合方法

本文将确定性数值模拟方法与地震动预测方程相结合,提出了一种重大水电工程场址设定地震的地震动时程生成方法。该方法基于场址设定地震,首先采用地震动预测方程确定场址的场地相关反应谱;其次建立包含震源和场址的场地模型,通过确定性数值模拟方法生成场址地震动时程;最后对生成的场址地震动时程进行调整,使其反应谱与设计谱相一致,用于工程抗震分析。这一方法生成的地震动时程既考虑了震源机制、传播路径以及局部场地效应等物理背景,又与场地相关的设计地震反应谱保持一致,为重大工程抗震分析与评价提供了一种新的思路。     

地震灾情场景计算机在线模拟系统设计

传统大型多道地震物理模拟系统缺乏对地震灾情场景的图像直观整合,可观赏效果差。设计基于GIS的地震灾情场景计算机在线模拟系统,从系统层次划分以及软件实现两方面完成地震灾情场景的在线模拟,系统由数据层、逻辑层和应用层构成。利用逻辑层中灾情场景生成模块自动整合功能,依据研究地区的GIS数据及其开发部件的底层支持,构建建筑物的三维像素点集合模型,实现灾后场景构建;通过地震动场判定和三维坐标转换,构建灾后场景。实验结果表明,所设计的系统模拟地震灾情场景图像最低误差均值仅为3.4,观赏性好,系统功能及性能满足实际需求。