A projection of future changes in summer precipitation and monsoon in East Asia

The future potential changes in precipitation and monsoon circulation in the summer in East Asia are projected using the latest generation of coupled climate models under Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario (a medium emission scenario).The multi-model ensemble means show that during the period of 2010-2099,the summer precipitation in East Asia will increase and experience a prominent change around the 2040s,with a small increase (～1%) before the end of the 2040s and a large increase (～9%) afterward.This kind of two-stage evolution characteristic of precipitation change can be seen most clearly in North China,and then in South China and in the mid and lower Yangtze River Valley.In 2010-2099,the projected precipitation pattern will be dominated by a pattern of "wet East China" that explains 33.6% of EOF total variance.The corresponded time coefficient will markedly increase after the 2040s,indicating a great contribution from this mode to the enhanced precipitation across all East China.Other precipitation patterns that prevail in the current climate only contribute a small proportion to the total variance,with no prominent liner trend in the future.By the late 21st century,the monsoon circulation will be stronger in East Asia.At low level,this is due to the intensification of southwesterly airflow north of the anticyclone over the western Pacific and the SCS,and at high level,it is caused by the increased northeasterly airflow east of the anticyclone over South Asia.The enhanced monsoon circulation will also experience a two-stage evolution in 2010-2099,with a prominent increase (by ～0.6 m s-1) after the 2040s.The atmospheric water vapor content over East Asia will greatly increase (by ～9%) at the end of 21st century.The water vapor transported northward into East China will be intensified and display a prominent increase around the 2040s similar to other examined variables.These indicate that the enhanced precipitation over East Asia is caused by the increases in both monsoon circulation and water vapor,which is greatly different from South Asia.Both the dynamical and thermal dynamic variables will evolve consistently in response to the global warming in East Asia,i.e.,the intensified southwesterly monsoon airflow corresponding to the increased water vapor and southwesterly moisture transport.     

沙牌坝址基岩场地地震动输入参数研究

重大水利水电工程地震动输入参数必须根据专门的地震危险性分析结果来确定。目前由地震危险性分析得到的一致概率反应谱具有包络的意义,不能反映实际地震的频谱特性,输入“一致概率反应谱”可能导致地震作用偏大;拟合设计反应谱人工生成地震动加速度时程的频率非平稳性也没有得到很好解决。为了解决这些问题,得到与坝址地震危险性一致、具体地震的输入参数,结合沙牌大坝提出了一套适用于重大水利水电工程基岩场地地震动输入参数确定方法：通过以有效峰值加速度为参数的概率地震危险性计算分析,确定坝址不同超越概率下的有效峰值加速度及对坝址贡献最大的潜在震源区;在最大贡献潜在震源内利用震级空间联合分布概率最大法确定坝址设定地震,依据加速度反应谱衰减关系确定与坝址设定地震对应的设计反应谱;根据设定地震结果和时变功率谱模型参数衰减关系确定时变功率谱,将时变功率谱和最小相位谱按三角级数叠加法进行强度和频率非平稳地震加速度时程合成。在对沙牌坝址区域的地震活动性及地震构造环境分析评价的基础上,采用上述方法,得到了坝址基岩场地不同超越概率下的有效峰值加速度、设计反应谱、强度和频率非平稳地震加速度时程等地震动输入参数。     

Carbon dynamics in woody biomass of forest ecosystem in China with forest management practices under future climate change and rising CO2 concentration

It is critical to study how different forest management practices affect forest carbon sequestration under global climate change regime. Previous researches focused on the stand-level forest carbon sequestration with rare investigation of forest carbon stocks influ- enced by forest management practices and climate change at regional scale. In this study, a general integrative approach was used to simulate spatial and temporal variations of woody biomass and harvested biomass of forest in China during the 21st century under dif- ferent scenarios of climate and CO2 concentration changes and management tasks by coupling Integrated Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon budget （InTEC） model with Global Forest Model （G4M）. The results showed that forest management practices have more predominant effects on forest stem stocking biomass than climate and CO2 concentration change. Meanwhile, the concurrent future changes in cli- mate and CO2 concentration will enhance the amounts of stem stocking biomass in forests of China by 12%-23% during 2001-2100 relative to that with climate change only. The task for maximizing stem stocking biomass will dramatically enhance the stem stocking biomass from 2001~100, while the task for maximum average increment will result in an increment of stem stocking biomass before 2050 then decline. The difference of woody biomass responding to forest management tasks was owing to the current age structure of forests in China. Meanwhile, the sensitivity of long-term woody biomass to management practices for different forest types （coniferous forest, mixed forest and deciduous forest） under changing climate and CO2 concentration was also analyzed. In addition, longer rotation length under future climate change and rising CO2 concentration scenario will dramatically increase the woody biomass of China during 2001~100. Therefore, our estimation indicated that taking the role of forest management in the carbon cycle into the consideration at regional or national level is very important to project the forest carbon sequestration under future climate change and rising atmospheric CO2 concentration.     

岭南文学中的一抹湛蓝——论湛江本土文学作品中的海洋韵味与海洋色调

近年来,湛江的本土作者踵武前贤,致力于＂海洋文章＂,创作出了一批具有海洋韵味与海洋色调的作品,为岭南文学版图添加了一抹湛蓝。湛江本土作者发表了一批＂女人与海＂的小说,塑造出具有＂深广博大＂情怀的＂海的女儿＂形象。另外,湛江本土诗文＂面朝大海＂,表现了＂天容海色＂的人文与自然景观,创造了＂湛蓝渺远＂的艺术境界。湛江本土文学的意义在于,优秀的本土文学作品可以让外界认识湛江,树立湛江的文化形象。湛江本土文学的未来在于,本土作家应该发挥＂地灵福气生天外＂的地理优势,奋力开创＂自有高人出世才＂的局面。     

基于STIRPAT模型分析水资源控制下武威市城市发展模式

通过利用IGT方程分析1997-2010年武威市经济发展对水资源消费总量的影响,在此基础上利用STIRPAT模型定量分析水资源消费总量与人口、富裕度、城市化水平以及技术进步之间的关系,并经岭回归拟合发现人口数量、人均GDP、城市化水平和技术进步每发生1%的变化,将引起水资源消费总量相应发生0.790 1%、-（0.014 1+0.001 8 lnA）%、-0.088 0%和0.031 2%的变化。在上述模型分析的基础上,以武威市为例,通过设置10种不同的发展情景,分析了在何种情景下最有利于降低水资源消费总量。结果表明：当经济保持高速增长、城市化进程加快、节水技术取得较大进步且人口实行高控制时,最有利于武威市降低水资源消费总量,此时武威市2015年和2020年的水资源消费总量分别为188 927.27×10⁴ m³和184 409.79×10⁴ m³。     

基于Dyna-CLUE改进模型和SD模型耦合的山区城镇用地情景模拟研究——以岷江上游地区为例

山区城镇扩张受山区地形和山地灾害等因素限制,而常用的土地利用模型难以有效表达这一特征。本文通过对Dyna-CLUE（Dynamic Conversion of Land Use and its Effects Model）模型进行改进并结合系统动力学（System Dynamic,SD）模型,充分发挥这2个模型在微观土地分配,及宏观情景模拟上的优势,很好地表达了山区地形和山地灾害等因素对山区城镇扩张的限制作用,为山区城镇扩张情景模拟提供了一个有效的方法。以岷江上游地区为例,根据研究区历史统计数据构建山区城镇用地SD模型,模拟低速发展、惯性发展和高速发展3种不同发展情景下城镇用地的需求,结合Dyna-CLUE改进模型,预测了对应情景下2011-2030年的城镇用地范围,并探究其对其他土地利用类型的影响。结果表明,发展速度越快,城镇主体越快达到地理限制区域的上限,并开始沿山间平地向两端扩张。耕地受山区城镇扩张的影响要远远超出其他土地利用类型,离城镇越近受影响越大。随着城镇扩张的加剧,其对自然环境的影响也逐渐增大。模型模拟结果能为山区城镇用地规划、评估由城镇扩张造成的生态环境问题和制定相应的对策提供有效的技术支撑。     

Climate and carbon cycle changes under the overshoot scenario

The “overshoot scenario” is an emissions scenario in which CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere temporarily exceeds some pre-defined, “dangerous” threshold (before being reduced to non-dangerous levels). Support for this idea comes from its potential to achieve a balance between the burdens of current and future generations in dealing with global warming. Before it can be considered a viable policy, the overshoot scenario needs to be examined in terms of its impacts on the global climate and the environment. In, particular, it must be determined if climate change cause by the overshoot scenario is reversible or not, since crossing that “dangerous” CO₂ threshold could result in climate change from which we might not be able to recover. In this study, we quantify the change in several climatic and environmental variables under the overshoot scenario using a global climate model of intermediate complexity. Compared to earlier studies on the overshoot scenario, we have an explicit carbon cycle model that allows us to represent carbon-climate feedbacks and force the climate model more realistically with CO₂ emissions rates rather than with prescribed atmospheric pCO₂. Our standard CO₂ emissions rate is calculated on the basis of historical atmospheric pCO₂ data and the WRE S650 non-overshoot stabilization profile. It starts from the preindustrial year 1760, peaks in the year 2056, and ends in the year 2300. A variety of overshoot scenarios were constructed by increasing the amplitude of the control emissions peak but decreasing the peak duration so that the cumulative emissions remain essentially constant. Sensitivity simulations of various overshoot scenarios in our model show that many aspects of the global climate are largely reversible by year 2300. The significance of the reversibility, which takes roughly 200 years in our experiments, depends on the time horizon with which it is viewed or the number of future generations for whom equity is sought. At times when the overshoot scenario has emissions rates higher then the control scenario, the transient changes in atmospheric and oceanic temperatures and surface ocean pH can be significant, even for moderate overshoot scenarios that remain within IPCC SRES emissions scenarios. The large transient changes and the centennial timescale of climate reversibility suggest that the overshoot might not be the best mitigation approach, even if it technically follows the optimal economic path.     

海岸带土地利用变化多情景模拟——以山东海岸带为例

海岸带土地利用长时间序列多情景模拟,对海岸带综合管理和可持续发展有重要指导意义.以山东海岸带为例,构建山东海岸带土地利用需求系统动力学(SD)模型,设置SSP1-RCP2.6(A-可持续发展路径)、SSP2-RCP4.5(B-经济社会适中发展路径)、SSP3-RCP4.5(C-逆全球化的区域竞争路径)三种情景,模拟至2...     

基于SD模型的湖南省土地利用变化情景模拟

运用系统动力学模型（System Dynamic Model,简称SD）对湖南省不同社会经济发展情景模式下的土地需求进行了模拟预测。结果表明：1）不同发展模式下建设用地需求均呈增长态势,其他各类土地需求变化幅度差异较大,其中以水域与耕地差异最大。2）根据可持续发展战略要求,稳定发展情景模式较为理想,在此模式下,各类土地利用需求与现有土地利用状况较为接近,对各类土地需求均不会造成太大压力。3）土地利用现状完全能满足低速发展模式对各类土地的需求,但其前提是降低消费水平与市场自给率;而高速发展型对耕地、水域需求大大超出现有水平。4）在现有粮食消费结构下,若不能有效提高粮食单产水平,人口和经济增长带来的粮食需求将对耕地造成很大压力。     

1992-2012年国际生态足迹研究文献计量分析

生态足迹是可持续发展领域进行定量研究的重要方法。由于较强的可操作性和全球可比性等优点,自1992 年首次提出以来,得到相关研究机构和学者的广泛关注。以SCIE/SSCI 数据库为基础,对近20 年来有关生态足迹的文献进行计量分析,阐释该领域的研究概况,揭示主要研究力量,呈现不同作者、机构和国家之间的合作情况,分析主要国家的研究差异并探讨该领域未来研究趋势和热点。研究发现：① 加拿大生态经济学者Wackernagel是该领域重要的学者,不列颠哥伦比亚大学和悉尼大学是在该领域有突出贡献的研究机构,中国科学院和北京师范大学是在该领域有较大影响的中国研究机构;② 美国是在该领域研究成果数量与质量均居首位的国家,中国虽然文献数量排第三位,但文献质量有待提高;③ 该领域文献总量不多,但增长迅速,且国际合作呈显著扩大趋势;研究尺度日趋多元化且不断深入微观领域;研究方法日趋丰富与完善,与投入产出分析法、产品生命周期及能值分析等方法相结合是近期主要研究趋势,但不同国家的研究重点亦有所差异;④ 气候变化、碳足迹、生态足迹区域转移等将有可能成为生态足迹领域未来的研究热点。