印度洋深海热液区可培养细菌的分子鉴定与系统发育分析

采用MMJHS寡营养培养基从印度洋深海热液区沉积物和热液硫化物中分离获得16株细菌,通过16S rDNA序列比对和生理生化分析,对它们进行了鉴定并构建了系统发育树.结果表明,12株细菌属于γ-变型菌(γ-Gammaproteobacteria),其中6株属于盐单胞菌属(Halomonas),4株属于嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter),2株属于食碱菌属(Alcanivorax);其余4株属于芽孢杆菌(Bacillus),其中1株为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis).分离获得的16株细菌中,4株为革兰氏阳性细菌,12株为革兰氏阴性细菌;H2S反应、吲哚测定反应、M.R和V-P均呈阴性.本研究为深入认识和开发利用深海热液区微生物资源奠定了基础.     

南海北部陆坡深水区沉积物细菌多样性调查

采用分子生物学手段,调查南海北部陆坡深水区沉积物细菌多样性.分析表明其细菌分成5个类群,变形细菌门(Proteotmcteria),厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes),拟杆菌门(Cytophaga/Flexi-bacteria/Bacteroides,简称CFB)及脱铁杆菌门(Deferribacteres).分别占总体的34%,38%,18%,4%,6%.其中60%以上的克隆子与硫代谢相关,20%克隆子最相近序列来自于油污染环境,说明硫代谢是该区域物质代谢的重要组成,同时该区域有油气渗透的烃类物质存在并影响着该区域的微生物群落结构.     

Bacterial diversity and community structure in the East China Sea by 454 sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene

The 454 sequencing method was used to detect bacterial diversity and community structure in the East China Sea. Overall, 149 067 optimized reads with an average length of 454 nucleotides were obtained from 17 seawater samples and five sediment samples sourced in May 2011. A total of 22 phyla, 34 classes, 74 orders, 146 families, and 333 genera were identified in this study. Some of them were detected for the first time from the East China Sea. The estimated richness and diversity indices were both higher in the sediment samples compared with in the seawater samples. All the samples were divided by their diversity indices into four regions. Similarity analysis showed that the seawater samples could be classified into six groups. The groups differed from each other and had unique community structure characteristics. It was found that different water masses in the sampling areas may have had some influence on the bacterial community structure. A canonical correspondence analysis revealed that seawater samples in different areas and at different depths were affected by different environmental parameters. This study will lay the foundation for future research on microbiology in the East China Sea.     

南海西沙海槽沉积物柱MD05-2902细菌多样性

A sediment core MD05-2902 was collected from the deep-sea basin of the Xisha Trough. The vertical distribution and diversity of bacteria in the core was investigated through ten sub-sampling with an interval of 1 m using bacterial 16 S rRNA gene as a phylogenetic bio-marker. Eighteen phylogenetic groups were identified from 16 S rRNA gene clone libraries. The dominant bacterial groups were JS1, Planctomycetes and Chloroflexi, which accounted for 30.6%, 16.6%, and 15.6% of bacterial clones in the libraries, respectively. In order to reveal the relationship between biotic and abiotic data, a nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis was performed. The result revealed that the δ15N, δ13C, total organic carbon and total organic nitrogen possibly influenced the bacterial community structure. This study expanded our knowledge of the biogeochemical cycling in the Xisha Trough sediment.     

Response of microbial community to petroleum stress and phosphate dosage in sediments of Jiaozhou Bay,China

The dynamic microcosms were used to evaluate the effect of oil spills on microbial ecological system in marine sediment and the enhancement of nutrient on the oil removal. The function and structure of microbial community caused by the oil pollution and phosphate dosage were simultaneously monitored by dehydrogenase activity assay and PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) techniques. The results indicated that the amount of total bacteria in all dynamic microcosms declined rapidly with incubation time. The number of petroleum-degrading bacteria and the activity of sediment dehydrogenase were gradually enhanced by petroleum in the oil-treated microcosms, while they both showed no obvious response to phosphate dosage. In comparison, phosphate spiked heterotrophic bacteria and they showed a significant increase in amount. DGGE profiles indicated that petroleum dosage greatly changed community structure, and the bacteria belonged to class Deltaproteobacteria, and phyla Bacteroidetes and Chlorobi were enriched. This study demonstrated that petroleum input greatly impacted the microbial community structure and consequently the marine sediment petroleum-degrading activity was enhanced. Phosphate dosage would multiply heterotrophic bacteria but not significantly enhance the petroleum degradation.     

微生物成因白云石研究进展

"白云岩问题"一直是沉积地质学研究的热点和难点之一,白云岩在我国和世界范围内都是重要的油气储层。因此,深入认识白云岩成因对于碳酸岩油气勘探具有重要参考意义。白云岩成因有多种解释模式,如萨布哈蒸发模式、渗透回流模式、埋藏调节模式、混合水模式、潮汐泵模式等。近几十年来,随着低温白云石研究的不断深入,微生物白云石模式作为一种新的成因模式被提出并不断被完善。本文回顾了微生物成因白云石的研究进展,总结了低温白云石形成的3个动力学障碍(镁离子的高水合能、硫酸根的存在、碳酸根离子的低浓度和低活度),简要介绍了微生物成因白云石模式的建立、微生物成因白云石的生长过程及发育特征,系统分析了微生物在白云石形成过程中的调节作用,指出微生物(如硫酸盐还原菌、古甲烷菌)的存在可以改变溶液中的离子平衡,进而有利地克服白云石形成过程中的动力学障碍,并列举了低温微生物成因白云石的氧同位素指标在古温度恢复和过去气候变化研究中的应用,最后对微生物成因白云石相关研究方向(如多学科交叉、新技术应用等)加以展望。对微生物成因白云石模式的深入认识,将为正确解释"白云岩问题"提供新的途径,也将为石油学家关心的白云岩储层问题提供新的理论基础和研究思路。     

A VIBRIO ANGUILLARUM STRAIN ASSOCIATED WITH SKIN ULCER ON CULTURED FLOUNDER, PARALICHTHYS OLIVACEUS

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＩｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｗａｓｆｏｃｕｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｎｅｅｄｔｏｓｔｕｄｙｔｈｅｂａｃｔｅｒｉｏｌｏｇｙｏｆｍａｒｉｎｅｆｉｓｈｉｎＣｈｉｎａ ,ｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｂａｃｔｅｒｉａａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｈｉｇｈｍｏｒｔａｌｉｔｙｉｎｍａｒｉｎｅｆｉｓｈｃｕｌｔｕｒｅａｎｄｃｏｎｓｅｑｕｅｎｔｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｌｏｓｓｔｏｆｉｓｈｆａｒｍｓ (Ｄｅｎｇｅｔａｌ.,1 996;Ｌｉｎｅｔａｌ.,1 999) .Ｖｉｂｒｉｏｇｅｎｕｓｂａｃｔｅｒｉａｈａｖｅｅｍｅｒｇｅｄａｓｔ…     

A VIBRIO ANGUILIARUM STRAIN ASSOCIATED WITH SKIN ULCER ON CULTURED FLOUNDER, PARALICHTHYS OLIVACEUS

The characteristics of a bacterium strain M3, isolated from cultured flounderParalichthys olivaceus with remarkable external sign of skin ulcer during an epizootic outbreak, indicated that the bacterium belonged to the speciesVibrio anguillarum. Challenge by I.M. (intramuscular injection), bath, and oral administration with M3 showed that it was highly pathogenic forParalichthys olivacues. The LD₅₀ dose was 5.144×10³ CFU/ per fish infection by I.M. injection. Recovered inoculated bacteria from the surviving fish revealed that the asymptomatic carriers could be a latent contagious source. Study of the effect of bacterial culture CFS (cell-free-supernatant) showed that the exotoxins produced by M3 play an important role in its pathogenicity for flounder. The resistance of M3 to 36 out of 41 antibiotics indicated that the bacterial disease outbreak was mainly attributable to the frequent and excessive use of antimicrobial agents; and that vaccination would be an effective precaution against bacterial disease. Contribution No. 4107 from Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science. Contribution No. 270 from Experimental marine Biology Laboratory, CAS. Funded by projects under the Major State Basic Research Development Program, Grant G1999012003.