Functional regionalization with the restriction of ecological shelter zones: A case of Zhaotong in Yunnan

Ecological shelter zones reconstruction is an ecosystem restoration and conserva-tion project aimed to the ecological safety of nations, regions and basins. Reconstruction of ecological shelter zones of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River became one of the most important tasks of Western Development strategy. This article, taking Zhaotong as an exam-ple, studies the functional regionalization of ecological shelter zones. The study supplies a case for functional regionalization of small and medium regions whose main tasks are envi-ronment reservation. With the guidance of theories of functional regionalization, and based on the analysis of Zhaotong’s natural, ecological and socioeconomic factors, the paper suggests five principles for factors selection. These principles include: (1) reversing order evaluation; (2) selecting main factors; (3) keeping the integrality of administrative regions of towns; and (4) making the products acceptable by local government. To analyze spatial status of selected factors, LUCC data in 2002, 1:50,000 relief maps and town-unit socioeconomic statistical data in 2004 are used. RS and GIS tools are also applied to melt traditional and modern geo-graphical methods. This would be useful to functional regionalization research in mountain-ous areas. As a conclusion, the leading functional regions of ecological conservation or economic development are suggested, respectively. Zhaotong city is divided into two-level functional regions. The first-level includes three leading functional regions and they will lead developing direction of sub-regions. The second-level includes eight sub-regions, which are policy implemented regions, and will supply guidance to Zhaotong’s ecological shelter zones reconstruction.     

Ecological Cost-Benefit Modelling of Herbivore Habitat Quality Degradation due to Range Fragmentation

Fragmentation of grazing ranges and ensuing rise in edge effects decrease forage range quality for large herbivores. A method is proposed to quantify, in ecological cost‐benefit terms, the negative impact of fragmentation by linear structures with special emphasis on summer ranges of semi‐domesticated reindeer (Rangifer t. tarandus). The method is also applicable to other terrestrial species and on different scales. The term ‘reachability’ is introduced for this measurement, which integrates forage quality, quantity and availability, as well as the costs of the animal's movement in a variable landscape and across fragmenting linear structures. The method uses a cost‐distance algorithm, commonly available in GIS software. Effective distances and reachability over large areas are calculated from evenly distributed sample points. Effects of varying sample point distance, fragmenting structure friction weight and density, and edge effect depth were analysed for model calibration. In an example the model was used for estimation of reachability alteration due to linear structures in the summer ranges of the Handölsdalen reindeer herding district in Sweden, where hourly GPS positions of 10 free‐ranging female reindeer were available. In these data the reindeer population density appeared to decrease up to 1 km away from roads, but no effect from hiking trails was detected. The reachability model quantified a loss of 2.2–2.7% in range quality due to range fragmentation.     

不同城镇功能区岩溶地下水化学敏感因子识别

随着西南地区城镇化进程的不断推进,西南城市区岩溶地下水环境压力迅猛增加,水质恶化显著。采集西南岩溶区四个典型城市（遵义市、桂林市、贵阳市和娄底市）的86组地下水样,运用描述性统计分析、变异系数分析及主成分分析法,综合研究了不同城镇功能区岩溶地下水化学特征及易受人类活动影响的敏感因子。结果表明,工业区岩溶地下水中电导率、总硬度、TDS、Na+、Mg2+、Cl -、SO2-4、NO-2、Mn这9项指标的含量均最高,商业住宅区次之,城乡结合处最低;而K+、NH+4和NO-3三者浓度表现为商业住宅区最高。研究区各地下水化学组分普遍具有较高的空间变异性,其中工业区易受人类活动影响的敏感因子为SO2-4、I-、Fe,商业住宅区易受人类活动影响的敏感指标为Na+、NO-2、NO-3,城乡结合处的主要敏感指标为Na+、Mg2+、NO-2。      

外电场作用下D-甘油酸分子的结构和光谱研究

采用密度泛函（DFT） B3LYP方法在6-311G基组上优化了不同外电场作用下D-甘油酸分子的基态几何结构、电偶极矩和分子的总能量,并在此基础上利用含时密度泛函（TD-DFT）方法在相同基组下探讨了各电场情况下D-甘油酸分子前6个激发态的激发能、波长和振子强度与外电场大小的关系.结果表明：分子的几何构型在外电场F=0.003 a.u.时会发生明显的变化,当外电场强度F=0.003 a.u.时,分子总能量骤然下降,电偶极矩骤然上升,其紫外吸收峰也出现明显的红移.当电场继续增加时,上述指标重新回到正常水平,骤变消失.     

地下水位波动带三氮迁移转化过程研究进展

三氮是我国地下水中典型污染物,其在包气带和含水层中的迁移转化过程受到高度关注。近几年,地下水位波动带中的三氮迁移转化已经成为新的研究领域。在综合运用文献计量分析法,定量分析相关研究趋势的基础上,系统总结地下水位波动带形成及特点,梳理波动带中三氮迁移转化过程及生物地球化学过程最新研究表述及成果,并对今后可能的研究热点和方向进行了展望。现有研究表明:水位波动带中环境指标如土壤含水率、氧化还原电位、溶解氧和有机质含量均表现出一定的分带性规律,微生物菌群结构和功能基因更多样化,并呈现一定的分布特征。随着地下水位波动,包气带中的三氮易浸溶进入地下水并发生迁移。地下水位上升,硝化作用减弱,反硝化作用增强;地下水位下降,硝化作用增强,反硝化作用减弱。为完善水位波动带三氮迁移转化过程研究,应进一步关注:（1）将水化学演化分析与分子生物学高通量测序方法相结合,深入探究水位波动带三氮转化与微生物作用机理;（2）除关注硝化、反硝化作用外,增加异化还原、同化还原和厌氧氨氧化等作用过程的研究;（3）细化分析更多情境、更多影响因素的水位波动过程,识别水位波动带三氮转化的关键影响要素。     

利用行人轨迹挖掘城市区域功能属性

城市土地利用功能区是城市规划中的一个重要概念,遥感技术手段在城市土地利用类型识别和动态监测中取得了很大进展。然而,由于城市实际功能的复杂,往往很难从遥感影像中获得城市各个区域的社会、经济或文化等功能属性。互联网技术的发展和移动定位设备的普及,极大地便利了行人移动轨迹数据的获取。本文从行人移动规律和模式与城市功能分区之间高度相关的角度出发,通过机器学习的方法,从大量行人轨迹数据中挖掘隐含的城市功能属性与强度。该方法首先利用矢量栅格化和数学形态学方法,将城市不同等级的路网分割为互不相同的空间单元;其次,根据行人轨迹数据的时空分布特点,定义9个变量并构建高斯混合模型(Gaussian mixture model,GMM),对上述空间单元进行非监督分类,得到7种城市用地类型;随后,结合选定的60个样本区以及人为标识的6种功能区(教育用地、绿地休闲区、一般商业区、政府设施、中心商业区、住宅区),依据样本功能区GPS轨迹时间分布特征,最终对7种城市用地类型进行功能配对;最后,利用核密度估计方法进行功能区强度的可视化。该框架结合机器学习的优势,结果具有较高的准确度。     

粗差修复的常变量估算方法探讨

针对粗差定位后的修复问题,该文提出了一种估算模式:首先研究出粗差与参数平差值的准确函数关系,在此基础上,通过在原有观测方程中引入常数作为自变量,研究此常数变量平差后的变化值,来定位观测值的粗差并反推粗差的最可靠值。通过和传统方法对比,本算法具有精确度高、收敛快、可靠性强等优点,在观测值粗差定位模糊的情况下,依然可以获得较为理想的处理结果。     

Industrial specialization and economic performance: A case of Czech microregions

An influential body of literature suggests that economic diversity rather than specialization fuels the economic performance of regions and nations. The authors argue that this hypothesis has no universal applicability and that a more differentiated view is needed. In particular, historical specificity of the local environment and structural characteristics of regional economies should be taken into account. They focus on the effects of industrial specialization on economic performance and the vulnerability of Central European post-communist regions, namely Czech microregions with less than 200,000 inhabitants. They examine whether the economic performance and vulnerability of these regions is fuelled rather by industrial specialization or diversity when controlling for other potential determinants of regional economic performance. Their findings show that the dependence of Czech regions on manufacturing correlates with higher economic performance but also with higher regional vulnerability. In addition, industrial specialization within manufacturing was found to be instrumental for the economic performance of regions with high dependence on manufacturing. With a decreasing share of employment in manufacturing, industrial diversity rather than specialization becomes more valuable for the economic performance of Czech regions.     

渤海西南部近岸功能区表层沉积物重金属形态分析及环境评价

利用渤海湾和莱州湾近岸六个功能区(港口、养殖区、排污区、黄河口及其湿地)采集的表层沉积物,采用BCR连续提取法对沉积物中几种金属元素(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd)进行了化学形态分析。形态分析结果表明,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni主要以残渣态存在,Cd主要以弱酸溶态存在。基于形态分析结果应用次生相与原生相分布比值法对重金属污染水平进行评价,结果表明,Cd的KRSP最高,Pb次之;各功能区的污染水平依次为徐家铺养殖区垦利养殖区天津港大沽河排污区黄河口及湿地弥河排污区。同时,对这几种金属的总含量进行了测定,并应用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对重金属元素潜在生态危害程度进行评价,结果显示:(1)Cd是该区域最主要的生态风险因子,各金属的潜在生态危害程度依次为CdPbNi≥CuCrZn;(2)各功能区潜在生态危害程度为轻微,功能区潜在生态危害整体上为渤海湾大于莱州湾。通过结合这两种方法进行的综合评价,探明了这几种金属在渤海湾和莱州湾近岸功能区表层沉积物中的存在形态、迁移转化程度,预测了其潜在生态危害。     

一类二阶时滞微分方程的边值问题

考虑一类二阶时滞微分方程的无穷边值问题,从分析这类方程的解对初值的依赖性得到了保证这类边值问题存在唯一解的充分条件。