流空间视域下城市群功能协同发展研究

文章基于流空间视角,提出了城市群协同发展双重内涵,从流动性、连通性与互补性3方面剖析了要素空间流动与区域功能协同的内在关联。并选取旧金山湾区为实证案例,梳理国际湾区城市群从单中心走向功能协同、一体化发展的路径及驱动机制。研究认为,要素流驱动下的旧金山湾区经历了从发育到成熟的3个阶段：1）要素流动强化旧金山与奥克兰双城联系,功能互补促进双城共生发展阶段;2）要素南汇促成三足鼎立,要素对流与功能互惠助推多中心联动发展阶段;3）要素分流促成泛网络空间结构,错位互补发展强化区域环流,湾区实现功能协同发展阶段。文章结论可为构建中国区域协调发展机制、推动国际湾区协同发展带来如下启示：应顺应要素流动的客观规律,推进体制机制创新,为要素流动破除障碍;发挥政府引导作用,提升区域软、硬件基础设施的连通性,为要素流动和实现区域优势互补奠定基础;探索区域协商机制,制定功能互补与联动的区域发展战略,引导要素合理分流与高效配置,实现区域功能联动发展。     

基于出行时空数据的分时租赁汽车与网约车出行场景比较研究

分时租赁和网约车同属共享汽车,但规模对比悬殊。找到差异化的出行场景有利于分时租赁在网约车主导的共享汽车市场中谋求立足之地。本文以北京地区某分时租赁公司2017年5月1日—30日的出行订单和2018年4月23日—29日的网约车出行订单为研究对象,结合城市兴趣点数据,利用地理信息层次聚类、关联规则等方法挖掘两共享汽车的典型出行场景,并进行比较分析。研究表明：① 网约车主要服务于“通勤出行”和“市内商务区之间的出行”,2种出行场景分别占网约车订单总量的40.3%和28.7%;② 分时租赁主要服务非通勤出行,其特色出行场景是“往返城市旅游景区的出行”、“城市旅游景区之间的出行”和“外城住宅商务混合区的午夜出行”,分别占分时租赁订单总量的24.4%、6.9%和5.5%。③ 在分时租赁的特色出行场景中,分时租赁与网约车或传统租车等共享出行方式相比费用更低,仅占其费用的25%~35%,具有较大的竞争优势。本研究有关出行场景挖掘的方法和结论可以为北京市分时租赁的推广以及其他共享出行研究提供借鉴和参考。     

ANALYSIS OF REMOTE SENSING ARCHAEOLOGY ON TRAFFIC FUNCTION TRANSFORMATION OF TONGJI GRAND CANAL IN SUI AND TANG DYNASTIES

In China, most directions of river flowing are from west to east. During historic period, since the water traffic played an important role, it was very important to form a cross-horizontal net of water carriage route. Canals should be dug so as to make up the lack of north-south river. There was a far long history in Chinese canal de- velopment. From local north-south canal cutting in the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period (770 B.C.- 222 B.C.), to primaryformation ofthe na…     

Pre-industrial-potential and Last Glacial Maximum global vegetation simulated with a coupled climate-biosphere model: diagnosis of bioclimatic relationships

The global climate–vegetation model HadSM3_TRIFFID has been used to estimate the equilibrium states of climate and vegetation with pre-industrial and last glacial boundary conditions. The present study focuses on the evaluation of the terrestrial biosphere component (TRIFFID) and its response to changes in climate and CO₂ concentration. We also show how, by means of a diagnosis of the distribution of plant functional types according to climate parameters (soil temperature, winter temperature, growing-degree days, precipitation), it is possible to get better insights into the strengths and weaknesses of the biosphere model by reference to field knowledge of ecosystems.The model exhibits profound changes between the vegetation distribution at the Last Glacial Maximum and today that are generally consistent with palaeoclimate data, such as the disappearance of the Siberian boreal forest (taiga), an increase in shrub cover in Europe and an increase of the subtropical desert area. The effective equatorial and sub-tropical tree area is reduced by 18%. There is also an increase in cover of wooded species in North-Western Africa and in Mexico. The analysis of bioclimatic relationships turns out to be an efficient method to infer the contributions of different climatic factors to vegetation changes, both at high latitudes, where the position of the boreal treeline appears in this model to be more directly constrained by the water stress than by summer temperature, and in semi-humid areas where the contributions of temperature and precipitation changes may partly compensate each other. Our study also confirms the major contribution of the decrease in CO₂ to environmental changes and carbon storage through its selective impact on gross primary productivity of C3 and C4 plants and a reduction by 25% of water-use efficiency. Specifically, the reduction in CO₂ concentration increases the amount of precipitation necessary to sustain at least 20% of grass fraction by 50 mm/year; the corresponding threshold for trees is increased by about 150 mm/year. As a consequence, a reduction in CO₂ concentration considerably widens the climatic range where grasses and shrubs dominate.     

变分原理和大气运动的稳定性

本文通过引入守恒的伪动量(Pseudo-Momentum),并利用Hamilton函数,Casimir泛函,建立了一个新的Lyapunov泛函,在此基础上使用变分原理得到了大气运动所满足的广义稳定性判据。当基本气流仅存在经向切变时,所得到的广义稳定性判据与用经典标准模方法所得到的稳定性判据是一致的。     

Identifying regions based on flexible user-defined constraints

The identification of regions is both a computational and conceptual challenge. Even with growing computational power, regionalization algorithms must rely on heuristic approaches in order to find solutions. Therefore, the constraints and evaluation criteria that define a region must be translated into an algorithm that can efficiently and effectively navigate the solution space to find the best solution. One limitation of many existing regionalization algorithms is a requirement that the number of regions be selected a priori. The recently introduced max-p algorithm does not have this requirement, and thus the number of regions is an output of, not an input to, the algorithm. In this paper, we extend the max-p algorithm to allow for greater flexibility in the constraints available to define a feasible region, placing the focus squarely on the multidimensional characteristics of the region. We also modify technical aspects of the algorithm to provide greater flexibility in its ability to search the solution space. Using synthetic spatial and attribute data, we are able to show the algorithm’s broad ability to identify regions in maps of varying complexity. We also conduct a large-scale computational experiment to identify parameter settings that result in the greatest solution accuracy under various scenarios. The rules of thumb identified from the experiment produce maps that correctly assign areas to their ‘true’ region with 94% average accuracy, with nearly 50% of the simulations reaching 100% accuracy.     

地理大数据聚合的内涵、分类与框架

地理大数据是地理对象所产生的“足迹数据”,而地理大数据挖掘就是通过反演分析地理对象的“足迹数据”,揭示其中蕴含的人地关系及其时空模式。近年关于地理大数据的重大研究进展显示,其研究结论的取得大多需要借助多种大数据的信息综合。为此,本文提出研究地理大数据聚合的必要性：代表新的研究范式、产生新的研究视角、提升研究的全面性,并将地理大数据聚合定义为：不同地理大数据之间通过转换形成面向研究对象的多维数据集合。在阐述地理大数据分类和特点的基础上,将地理大数据聚合分为：时空聚合、面向对象聚合、面向主题聚合以及面向模型聚合四种类型。地理大数据聚合作为地理大数据挖掘的重要组成部分,其过程大致可以分为：确定内核—信息溯源—反演汇聚3个步骤,而其中的关键科学问题包括：统一时空框架和基准、统一数据表达与存储、匹配同一观测对象的多数据源、统一多源数据的时空范围、调和不同对象之间不同的变化速率、解决数据共享与隐私保护、大数据与小数据的聚合等。地理大数据聚合方法与技术的发展,将会拓展地方的感知、土地功能的识别、对人群的观测与理解、功能与流动之间关系、地表复杂巨系统等新领域的研究。     

应用新方法剖析钻探井失利原因：以塔里木盆地台盆区寒武系碳酸盐岩为例

塔里木盆地台盆区寒武系已发现的碳酸盐岩潜山油气藏显示了巨大的勘探潜力,然而由于塔里木盆地经历了多期的构造运动,早期形成的寒武系碳酸盐岩油气藏经历了后期的调整、改造、破坏和再聚集,油气成藏过程复杂,已有的油气成藏理论难以指导该地区的油气勘探。目前寒武系地层钻探成功率偏低,仅为25％。从地质角度出发,采用“功能要素匹配-构造过程叠合-晚期相势源复合的新方法对塔里木盆地寒武系失利井原因进行分析,试图揭示该地区油气成藏机理,以便有效地指导油气勘探。通过对塔里木盆地寒武系的15口失利井的分析结果表明：80％的失利井由于功能要素不匹配,落在有利成藏领域之外而失利;7％的失利井由于构造过程叠合改造破坏了早期形成的油气藏,落在有利勘探区带之外而失利;13％的失利井由于晚期相-势-源不复合,落在有利勘探目标外而失利。该方法完美地解释了塔里木盆地寒武系钻探失利的原因,说明其在指导油气勘探中的可行性和有效性,对以后的油气勘探具有重大的现实意义。     

基于土地利用的县域主体功能区划分研究——以湖南省北湖区为例

在城镇化进程加快、区域土地结构急剧变动的背景下,以土地利用为研究对象,从资源环境承载力、现有开发强度和发展潜力三方面,选取13个指标构建主体功能区划分指标体系,运用熵值法、多目标线性加权函数法等数理方法对县域主体功能区进行分区研究。以湖南省北湖区为例,进行了实证研究,划分为优化开发区、重点开发区、适度开发区、限制开发区、禁止开发区五类主体功能区,并结合当地实际,提出了各功能分区土地利用的主导方向与建设策略。