基于融合重力异常的大别造山带东段莫霍面反演研究

利用实测布格异常和EGM2008重力异常融合结果,采用频率域位场反演方法计算大别造山带东段莫霍面三维空间分布,结合区域地质构造和地震活动等资料讨论大别造山带东段莫霍面分布特征及其构造含义等。研究结果显示:①莫霍面空间分布体现了块体构造差异,大别造山带莫霍面最深,最大深度达42km,显示东大别造山带存在明显山根,扬子地块深度次之,华北地块最浅;郯庐断裂带及其东侧区域存在莫霍面上隆带;②大别造山带北侧和南侧莫霍面陡变带分别位于青山—晓天断裂附近和襄樊—广济断裂以北,体现华北地块和扬子地块向大别造山带之下俯冲的构造特征,指示了深部构造缝合带位置;莫霍面深度特征表明郯庐断裂带区域构造边界带属性明显,其切割深度至少达到壳幔边界,大别造山带商城—麻城断裂两侧经历了差异隆升;③研究区域绝大多数地震发生在莫霍面以上深度,莫霍面深度陡变带、上隆带及不同莫霍面深度特征区的转换带为区域地震活动提供了深部构造条件。     

高温冻结砂土温度界限试验研究

由于高温冻土力学特性与融土相近,对其研究越来越多,然而迄今并没有一个广为接受的基于力学指标的明确定义。以冻结饱和标准砂为研究对象,利用三轴剪切试验和侧限压缩试验获得黏聚力、割线变形模量和压缩指数等力学指标,通过分析这些指标随温度变化的规律,试图从力学特性的角度对于高温冻结砂土给出一个明确的温度界限。研究发现,冻结砂土在-1.0℃到-0.5℃之间,黏聚力、割线变形模量和压缩指数等力学指标发生突变,因此,将-1.0℃定义为高温冻结砂土的温度界限,对涉及高温冻土的工程建设和维护具有重要的意义。     

冻土导热系数研究现状及进展

冻土导热系数是影响冻土温度及热通量变化的一个重要参数,也是研究陆地表层水热盐耦合运移的基本物理参数。根据国内外研究现状,列举了导热系数的测试方法（稳态法和瞬态法）,总结并讨论了冻土导热系数的影响因素及其变化规律,并对目前已有的导热系数计算模型进行了比较分析。现有研究认为：土壤质地、温度和含水（冰）量、孔隙度、土壤有机质等是影响冻土导热系数的主要因素,因此,冻土土导热系数随这些影响因素的变化规律方面的研究工作非常多;而关于未冻水含量、土骨架组成及冻土结构等对冻土导热系数影响的相关研究较为缺乏。通过比较分析国内外土壤热导率计算的相关模型,认为适用于常温下导热系数的模型发展趋于成熟;而现存的适用于冻土区的导热系数计算模型多以一种或几种土壤条件为前提,或者多考虑局地因素影响,模型的适用性具有局限性。考虑到多年冻土区土壤受冻融循环影响较大,以及多年冻土内部水热传输过程的复杂性,多年冻土区导热系数的计算模型仍需进一步深入研究。     

冻融作用下草本植物根系加固土体试验研究

为了研究植物根系在冻融作用下对边坡土体的加固效应,取哈尔滨、东营、合肥等地公路常见的3种草本植物根系作为研究对象,基于植物根系与土体之间的界面摩擦效应,对不同植物根系在不同次数冻融作用后的根-土复合体进行了拉拔试验以及直剪试验。结果表明：结缕草根系与土体之间的摩擦效应最为显著,加筋效果最好;狗尾草的根系与土体之间的摩擦效应最差,但狗尾草根系抗冻性较好。根-土复合体模型的抗剪强度随冻融作用次数的增加发生变化,体现在黏聚力不断减小,后趋于稳定;内摩擦角先增大后减小,之后趋于稳定。所得结果可为植物护坡加固工程以及加筋土作用机理研究提供数据参考。     

不同温度及排水条件下高温冻土孔隙水压力试验研究

在荷载的作用下孔隙水压力的消散是揭示冻土整体变形机理的关键,为了研究高温冻土中孔隙水压力变化规律,在不同温度、不同排水条件下,对高温冻土开展了压缩固结试验,并监测其在-1℃、-0.5℃和-0.3℃的条件下孔隙水压力及位移变化情况。结果表明：温度对孔压、变形有较大影响,温度越高,土体的变形速率越大,孔隙水压力峰值越大,消散速率也越快;而温度相同时,排水条件下的孔压峰值比不排水条件下的低,位移比不排水条件下的大;从试验结果中可以认识到,孔隙水压力在受骨架挤压增大的同时也在缓慢消散。     

塔里木盆地古近系—白垩系微膨胀防窜盐水泥浆的应用研究

塔里木盆地古近系、白垩系地层含膏、含盐,气显示活跃,固井难度大。在总结前期微膨胀胶乳防窜水泥浆体系固井失利原因的基础上,重点考虑地层岩性特征,以提高二界面胶结质量为目的,优选出微膨胀防窜盐水水泥浆体系。该体系具有API失水量小、SPN值小、水泥石强度大的特点,经现场应用,封固井段固井质量优良,表明该体系有广泛推广的前景。     

大同市冻土气候变化初探

利用大同市所辖8个站1962—2012年地面气象观测记录中的冻土资料,采用线性倾向估计、累积距平等方法,分析大同市土壤开始冻结期、完全解冻期、冻结期及最大冻土深度的变化特征及其影响因素。结果发现：51年中大同市冻土主要表现为最大冻土深度减小, 开始冻结期推迟,解冻期提前, 冻结持续期缩短的总体变化趋势,冻土除了受气温的影响外,局地因素对最大冻土深度的影响较大。     

耦合冻土方案的大气模式对祁连山区春季土壤状况的模拟

对黑河流域上游山区水源涵养林区2003年春季土壤温度、湿度变化进行分析,运用耦合冻土参数化和没有耦合冻土参数化的大气模式MM5对该区春季过程进行了模拟,并与观测值进行对比,对模拟的产流量做了初步分析.结果显示:考虑冻土参数化方案对土壤温度模拟的改进主要体现在表层土壤,对深层土壤温度的模拟没有大的改进;考虑冻土参数化方案改进了对100 cm深度以内的土壤含水量的模拟,很大程度上缩小了模拟值与观测值之间的绝对误差.总体来讲,考虑了冻土参数化的模拟结果在一定程度上改进了模式对黑河流域上游季节冻土区土壤温、湿状况的模拟,在一定程度上逼近祁连山区的春季土壤状况.考虑冻土参数化和没有考虑冻土参数化对产流量的模拟表明,冻土参数化对产流量模拟有很大影响,冻土形成的不透水层可以产生更多的地表径流.尽管考虑冻土参数化过程对模拟结果有一定程度的改进,但模拟结果与实测结果还是有一定差距的.因此,进行寒区冻土过程模拟时,还需要进一步对土壤信息、模式物理过程,大气背景场驱动数据以及局地因素进行详细而精确的考虑,以期进一步提高模式在寒区的模拟性能,特别是为高寒山区无观测地带陆气相互作用研究提供依据.     

Interface between fluid- and solid-like behaviour in rapid granular flows down bumpy inclines

Gravity-driven granular flows down bumpy inclined surfaces were investigated. The flows consist of a bottom region of an amorphous solid-like granular material interacting with a top region of rapidly agitated grains. Chou theoretically analysed these granular flows by employing the constitutive theory, the corresponding boundary conditions and the continuity conditions at the interface. By making use of Chou's model, the research work reported here investigated the effects of the inclination, coefficient of restitution and boundary geometry on the profiles of solid concentration, mean velocity and granular temperature. The direction of the energy flux at the bumpy surfaces, as well as the flow depth for both the active and passive layers were also observed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

RECOGNITION OF A BIOFILM AT THE SEDIMENT–WATER INTERFACE OF AN ACID MINE DRAINAGE-CONTAMINATED STREAM,AND ITS ROLE IN CONTROLLING IRON FLUX

Material collected over a month on plates attached to the bed of the Afon Goch, Anglesey, a stream highly contaminated by acid mine drainage (AMD), was either examined intact by electron microscopy or suspended and cultured to reveal the presence of microbiota. Certain of the aerobic microbiota were identified, the genus Pseudomonas formed the commonest isolate and cultures of Serratia plymuthica were grown in order to compare the biofilms formed with the material collected in the Afon Goch. The material at the sediment–water interface of the Afon Goch was of similar underlying morphology to that of the cultured biofilms. However, the former had a superficial granular coating of equidimensional (60–100 nm) and evenly spaced iron rich particles (determined by X-ray microanalysis). The sediment–water interface of this AMD-contaminated stream is therefore best described as a highly contaminated biofilm. Evidence from previous work suggests that the streambed is active in iron removal from the water column. The intimate association of iron with microbiota at the streambed, therefore, implies that iron flux prediction may not be possible from physical and chemical data alone but requires knowledge of biofilm physiology and ecology. Microbially mediated metal precipitation, both by single bacteria and by biofilms, has been reported elsewhere but mass balance considerations suggest that this explanation cannot hold good for the large amounts of iron hydroxide depositing from waters of the prevalent pH and redox status. Filtered stream water analyses indicate the presence of colloidal iron hydroxide and also its removal downstream where ochreous (iron hydroxide rich) material accumulates. The process of iron immobilization is likely to be the attraction and physical trapping of colloidal iron hydroxide by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) which constitute the matrix of biofilms. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.