Spatial Distribution and Temporal Variation of the Winter Wheat Late Frost Disaster in Henan, China

The winter wheat late frost disaster(WFD) occurs mainly in the Yellow and Huaihe River area,of which Henan Province covers the most part.Henan is the major area of wheat production in China,but it is severely hit by the WFD.In this study,we construct a WFD index based on the minimum temperature and the winter wheat development period(WDP).The WFD degrees and days at 30 agrometeorological stations in Henan Province during the period of 1981-2004 are calculated.For the large-scale temporal variation analysis of WFD,the 24-yr WDP observation series is relatively short,so it is expanded by using the relation between the turning green date of winter wheat and the 5-day running mean temperature and that between the stem elongation phase and the effective cumulative temperature above a critical value of 2.5 ℃.The WFD data are also expanded for the last 50 years and are analyzed by using the empirical orthogonal function(EOF) and the Morlet wavelet methods.Characteristics in the spatial distribution and temporal variation of WFD are revealed.The results show that the frequency of WFD is generally high,exceeding 40% in parts of Henan,and exhibits a rising trend in the period of 1970-1990.The variation trend of WFD degrees is similar to that of WFD days,and the areas with higher WFD degrees coincide the areas with more WFD days.Moreover,the WFD degree has a greater impact on the winter wheat yield than the WFD days.The areas with high WFD degrees lie in the southeast and southwest of Henan,and the areas with low WFD degrees lie in the south of the Huaihe River and parts of western Henan.Temporal variations of the first and second EOF modes of the WFD degree display 16-and quasi-22-yr periodicities,respectively.The areas of high(low) WFD frequency are distributed in the northern Henan and the southwest border of Henan(the northeast Henan and the middle part of southwest Henan).The temporal variation of the first(second) EOF mode of WFD days exhibits a periodicity(periodicities) of quasi-4 yr(quasi-3 and quasi-6-7 yr).     

孤立波与升沉水平板相互作用数值模拟研究

合理的刚度和潜深设计可以使升沉水平板获得优异的消浪性能。基于考虑流体黏性的二维不可压缩Navier-Stokes方程,以高阶紧致插值CIP(constrained interpolation profile)方法求解方程对流项,采用VOF(volume of fluid)方法重构自由液面,构建二维数值波浪水槽。采用试验数据验证模型后,研究孤立波与升沉水平板相互作用,分析相对刚度K*、相对潜深d/h、相对波高H/h对于升沉板的消浪性能和运动响应的影响,揭示升沉板对孤立波的消浪机理。研究表明:在孤立波通过时,升沉板会经历一个先上升后下降的运动,随后非线性自由振动,板下方水体近似均匀流动,且水流的垂向流动与板的垂荡方向一致;升沉板主要通过不对称涡旋脱落、浅水变形、波浪反射与辐射波转化等方式消耗孤立波能量;一定条件下,采用最优相对刚度K*=4.0和最优相对潜深d/h=0.52可以取得良好的消浪效果,此时透射系数最小,同时升沉板的运动响应在合理的范围内。     

浅埋隧道冻结法施工地表冻胀融沉规律及冻结壁厚度优化研究

浅埋隧道对地表冻胀、融沉变形有严格要求。针对珠机城际轨道交通项目联络通道冻结壁设计改进问题,基于热-力耦合理论,利用有限差分数值计算方法对冻结法施工全过程进行模拟,通过比较研究不同厚度冻结壁模型引起的地表冻胀、融沉变形及隧道管片变形规律,实现冻结壁厚度的优化设计。研究表明:(1)该数值模型可有效模拟地表冻胀、融沉变形,利用已查明数值误差对计算结果进行折减可得到较为准确的实际变形预测值;(2)不同模型地表冻胀、融沉规律大致相同,但变形量及影响范围随冻结壁厚度减小呈递减趋势,当冻结壁厚度为2.5 m及以下时变形基本满足规程要求;(3)土体冻胀、融沉变形并非简单的互逆过程,融沉变形通常大于冻胀变形,平均超出量达40%,应特别注意;(4)冻结壁厚度越大相应产生的冻胀力越大,通过优化冻结壁厚度可有效控制隧道管片附加应力及变形的产生,保护已建隧道结构安全;(5)综合选定2.5 m为冻结壁改进厚度,成果直接应用于4#联络通道冻结法施工,经现场监测表明该优化方案有效、可行,对类似工程冻结壁厚度设计具有较好的推广应用价值。     

冻融循环对恐龙化石风化破坏机理的研究

恐龙化石的风化过程比较复杂,造成恐龙化石风化破坏的因素众多,冻融循环是其中一个重要因素。通过室内试验,研究冻融循环导致恐龙化石及围岩风化破坏机理。试验证明冻融循环会降低围岩的强度、弹性模量等,多次冻融循环会使围岩、化石出现质重损失、泥化、掉块等现象;冻融循环是导致化石的风化破坏极其重要的因素。     

深季节冻土区路基防冻胀道砟碎石排水盲沟热状况的数值分析

用透水土工布包裹道砟碎石填筑的截排水纵向盲沟, 是哈尔滨-大连高速铁路(简称哈大高铁)在大开挖路堑段采用的重要的防冻胀工程措施. 由于碎石层在顶部温度较低时, 其中发生对流换热过程而强化对其下部土体的降温作用, 可能导致盲沟底部冻结而影响其防冻胀效果. 通过数值仿真软件分析了排水盲沟的温度状况, 结果表明: 对于哈大高铁的气温环境, 在不考虑积雪影响的条件下, 将发生盲沟底部排水管冻结积冰, 影响纵向盲沟防冻胀效果的问题. 在盲沟顶土层中加设0.1 m保温板能够提高盲沟底部的最低温度, 推迟起始冻结时刻, 缩短冻结时长, 但不能完全避免盲沟底部排水管的冻结问题. 在有表层保温板的条件下, 在盲沟底部换填砂层虽然不能提高盲沟碎石层的温度, 但却能有效提高盲沟底部的温度. 复合措施可以有效解决盲沟底部冻结的问题.     

支挡式结构物水平冻胀力研究进展与思考

寒冷地区的支挡式结构,极易受水平冻胀力的影响,过大的水平冻胀力容易造成支护结构变形、出现裂缝、支护体错断甚至整体倾倒,严重威胁支护工程的安全与稳定,因此研究寒区支挡式结构水平冻胀力的变化规律具有重要意义。主要从水平冻胀力的产生、影响因素、分布模式、取值大小、计算方法以及防治措施等诸多方面的国内外研究现状进行综述,结果表明：水平冻胀力的大小及其分布形态受土质类型、土颗粒大小、土体分散性、土内所含矿物成分、土体温度、土体含水量、外界水源补给以及支护结构特征等多因素影响;水平冻胀力存在多种分布模式,对不同分布模式应采取不同的计算方法,而且各计算公式均有一定的限制条件。在实际工程中,若要减弱水平冻胀力的影响,可采取换填土质、加强保温、隔水排水、使用物理化学试剂或多方法综合使用等措施。     

新型圆筒型FPSO垂荡抑制结构优化设计

针对传统圆筒型FPSO垂荡运动剧烈的特点,提出一种带有垂荡抑制结构的圆筒型FPSO。采用1∶77.8的缩尺比制作模型,进行垂荡纵摇衰减试验,得到带有不同垂荡抑制结构模型的固有周期和无因次阻尼系数,进而选取最优的垂荡抑制结构型式。之后计算并对比传统圆筒型FPSO和新型圆筒型FPSO垂荡纵摇运动的固有周期和幅频响应函数。在此基础上,结合我国南海海洋环境条件,设计新型圆筒型FPSO的系泊系统,计算分析自存工况下的耦合动力响应,并与传统圆筒型FPSO进行对比。结果表明,文中提出的垂荡抑制结构可以有效增大系统垂荡纵摇运动的固有周期,改善运动性能,提高系泊的安全性。     

Dynamic analysis of vessel/riser/equipment system for deep-sea mining with RBF neural network approximations

Abstract

Deep-sea mining (DSM) is an advanced technology. This article is focused on the dynamic analysis of a coupled vessel/riser/equipment system of a DSM based on radial basis function (RBF) neural network approximations while considering vessel dynamic positioning (DP) and active heave compensation (AHC). A coupled model including the production support vessel (PSV), lifting riser, and slurry pump is established containing simulated DP and AHC models. Furthermore, dynamic simulations are implemented to obtain the results of the vessel motions, thruster forces, pump motions and riser tensions. Using optimal Latin hypercube sampling, an RBF neural network approximation model is established, the input includes environmental factors and the output includes the dynamic responses of the pump motion and riser tension. Calculations are performed using RBF network approximations instead of a coupled model. The obtained results show that the PSV wave frequency (WF) motions have significant influence on the dynamic responses of the subsea system. Moreover, the current load affects the compensation effect. The RBF network approximation model can be used to reduce the required calculation time.     

Added mass and damping of a sphere section in heave

The Norwegian wave-power buoy¹ consists of a half-immersed floating sphere which is open to the sea at the bottom end. It is a two degree-of-freedom device involving the independent motion of the outer rigid sphere and the pressure across the internal free surface. A simpler model of the device is to represent the oscillatory flow through the bottom opening as another rigid body motion being that of the curved surface which would complete the sphere.The wave-induced forces on this surface and also the outer spherical surface due to independent oscillations of either are determined semi-analytically using a simple extension of the method of Havelock,² recently simplified and generalised by Hulme,³ for the complete half-immersed sphere. In particular the 2 × 2 added mass and damping matrices are determined as a function of frequency and relative size of bottom opening to sphere radius. These quantities are essential in any theoretical analysis of a multi-degree of freedom wave-energy device.     

Experimental Study of A Pile-Restrained Floating Breakwater Constructed of Pontoon and Plates

A pile-restrained pontoon-plate floating breakwater is proposed in this paper.The laboratory physical-model tests are conducted to investigate the wave-dissipation property and heave-motion response of a model.The influence of the model′s geometric parameters including relative pontoon width,plate width,number of plates and pontoon draft on wave-dissipation performance and heave-motion response are discussed,as well as the correlation between these two factors.The result indicates that wave-dissipation performance of the proposed structure is better than the pontoon structure:its transmission coefficient and heave-motion height are reduced by 0.2 and 0.3,respectively,in comparison with those of the pile-restrained pontoon model at a relative pontoon width of 0.2.