扬子地台北缘早寒武世早期的海绵骨针化石

本文详细研究了采自扬子地台北缘早寒武世早期地层中的大量海绵骨针化石。依据骨针化石的形态特征提出了海绵骨针化石的形态分类方案。总共记述了18类,28种类型。其中重点描述4个新的骨针类和11种新类型。为研究寒武纪早期海绵动物的出现、发展和演化提供了重要的实证材料。     

Ichnology, sequence stratigraphy and depositional evolution of an Upper Cretaceous rocky shoreline in central Chile: Bioerosion structures in a transgressed metamorphic basement

Exposures of upper Paleozoic slates of the metamorphic basement near Concepción, central Chile, are covered by transgressive deposits belonging to the Upper Cretaceous Quiriquina Formation. Presence of clusters of the bivalve boring Gastrochaenolites isp. at the irregular and erosive contact between these two units indicates the development of an ancient rocky shoreline, illustrating a rare example of bioerosion in a metamorphic substrate. Coarse-grained deposits mantling the bioeroded surface represent a transgressive lag produced due to ravinement. In sequence-stratigraphic parlance, the bioeroded surface is classified as a FS/SB or co-planar surface formed due to amalgamation of erosion during lowstand and the subsequent transgression. Unburrowed trough cross-bedded upper-shoreface to intensely bioturbated middle-shoreface deposits record continuous transgression. Logs bioeroded by Teredolites clavatus are also present. Middle-shoreface deposits are dominated by deep Ophiomorpha isp., commonly showing laminated infill. Thalassinoides suevicus occurs locally. Intense bioturbation also suggests that the shoreface developed in embayed shorelines, protected from oceanic waves. While rocky shorelines in limestone are characterized by a high abundance and diversity of bioerosion structures, those formed in other types of substrates contain less diverse, commonly monospecific, suites of borings. In terms of Seilacherian ichnofacies, the bioerosion structures analyzed are attributed to a low-diversity expression of the Trypanites ichnofacies. It is proposed that the Trypanites ichnofacies thus may display two expressions: an archetypal one characterized by high diversity in carbonate substrates, along with a depauperate expression in other types of substrates (e.g., metamorphic and igneous rocks). The extreme hardness of the substrate is regarded as the stress factor responsible for the reduction in ichnodiversity.     

遗迹学的研究现状与新进展--第8届国际遗迹组构专题研讨会综述

第8届国际遗迹组构专题研讨会于2005年2月17~23日在新西兰奥克兰大学召开。从会议报告、展板、论文摘要集和野外地质旅行可以看出: 遗迹化石正确的分类命名及其形态功能和生态环境再造仍然是遗迹学的基础和主要内容,常见和复杂遗迹化石的精细研究和重新解释将导致遗迹化石指示古环境和古生态意义的重大变革,遗迹化石特征的实验模拟和实证观测是定量解释造迹生物行为习性和生态环境意义的有效手段,许多鲜为人知或被忽略的问题和现象走进遗迹学家的视野, 陆相遗迹化石群落与遗迹组构研究有了新的进展,遗迹组构的岩心成像技术和三维模拟在油气勘探中正发挥越来越大的作用,学科交叉融合和高新技术测试方法的引进是遗迹学发展的重要推动力。     

中国剑龙类恐龙化石

我国中生代陆相沉积地层发育、分布广泛,有近百个恐龙化石产地分布,从东部的山东半岛到西部的甘肃、新疆;从云南、四川到内蒙古和黑龙江。目前,我国已经成为世界上发现恐龙化石最多的国家,已研究命名的恐龙种类达210多个。其中剑龙类恐龙化石9属10种,包括在国内外都享有盛名的华阳龙、沱江龙、嘉陵龙、巨棘龙、将军龙。太白华阳龙化石的发现为剑龙类起源于东亚提供了佐证,四川巨棘龙副肩棘原始埋藏状态的发现使研究人员对其功能和意义有了新的认识,四川巨棘龙皮肤印模化石的发现对认识剑龙类表皮结构提供了新的证据。     

A paleolimnological assessment of lake acidification in five Connecticut lakes

New England has received significant amounts of precipitation with a pH between 4.2 and 4.6. Paleolimnological studies based on siliceous microalgal remains support the hypothesis that some lakes in northern New England have acidified as a result of the acidic deposition. However, paleolimnological analyses from five software lakes in southern New England suggest that these lakes have not acidified in recent years. In all of the study lakes the inferred pH has remained relatively stable, and in two lakes the pH has actually increased slightly in recent years. Despite the relatively stable inferred pH reconstructions, significant shifts in species assemblages were observed in each lake, many of which are believed to correlate with land use changes. It is possible that effects of land use changes (e.g. increased urbanization) have masked potential effects of acid deposition.     

Cambro‐Ordovician trace fossils from the SW‐Norwegian Caledonides

A diverse trace fossil association is described for the first time from low‐grade metamorphic rocks of the SW‐Norwegian Caledonides. The investigated cliff sections with autochthonous to parautochthonous metasediments comprise a coarsening‐ and thickening‐upward succession interpreted as prograding delta deposits. Sedimentary features indicate a tide‐influenced environment. Twenty‐one ichnospecies have been identified and assigned to the Cruziana and Skolithos ichnofacies, including the oldest record of Beaconites capronus and Macaronichnus segregatis. Cruziana ichnostratigraphy (sensu lato), previously rarely used in other palaeocontinents than Gondwana, allows an age determination for these metasediments of Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician as indicated by the presence of Cruziana barbata, C. furcifera, C. rugosa, C. semiplicata, Didymaulichnus rouaulti and Rusophycus ramellensis. Baltica was geographically the most isolated from the other three large continents (Gondwana, Laurentia and Siberia) during Cambro‐Ordovician time, and provinciality of faunal assemblages (e.g. brachiopods, conodonts) has been proved and is also supposed for trilobites by some authors. However, although the Cruziana ichnospecies result from a high specialization of their tracemakers, and therefore only a small group of trilobite species is eligible for its origin, the ichnospecies reported from Baltica occur also on other palaeocontinents and do not support the assumption of trilobite provincialism. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reconstructing the historical changes in Daphnia mean size and planktivorous fish abundance in lakes from the size of Daphnia ephippia in the sediment

The zooplankton community structure in lakes is highly influenced by size-selective predation by fish, with small zooplankton species dominating at high predation pressure. Remains of cladocerans are preserved in the sediment and may be used to trace historical changes in fish predation. We determined how contemporary data on planktivorous fish were related to the size of Daphnia ephippia (dorsal length) in the surface sediment (0-1 cm) of 52 mainly shallow lakes with contrasting densities of fish and nutrients (TP: 0.002-0.60 mg P l^-1). Density of fish expressed as catch per unit effort, in terms of numbers in multiple mesh-sized gill nets (CPUE_n), decreased significantly with increasing mean size of ephippia. The relationship was improved by adding TP as an independent variable, now explaining 90% of the variation in CPUE_n on the full data set covering lakes in Denmark, Greenland and New Zealand, and 78% if only data on Danish lakes were used. CPUE by weight of planktivorous fish and mean weight of Daphnia in the pelagial during summer were also related to ephippial size. By including contemporary data on established relationships between the sizes of egg-bearing female Daphnia and ephippia, we inferred changes in the CPUE_n, mean size of ephippia-bearing Daphnia and summer mean body weight of Daphnia from ephippial size in four lakes during the past 1-2 centuries. In a hypertrophic lake subject to periodic fish kills, Daphnia mean body weight was high and CPUE_n was low compared with those in two eutrophic lakes, while CPUE_n was low and Daphnia body weight was high in the least eutrophic, clearwater lake. Estimated CPUE_n and Daphnia mean weight in the surface sediment of these four lakes corresponded well with contemporary data. Only small changes in ephippial size with time were observed in the clearwater lake and in one of the lakes that had suffered early eutrophication, while major changes occurred in the two other lakes that had been subjected to a major increase in nutrient input or fish kills. We conclude that Daphnia ephippia preserved in the surface sediments of lakes may be a useful and efficient method to quantify the present-day abundance of planktivorous fish and Daphnia mean size. The method is particularly valid in surveys aimed to give a general picture of the fish stock and the ecological state in a set of lakes in a region rather than a precise estimate for a single lake. Though some evidence is provided, more work is needed to evaluate whether the equations are valid for hind-casting in down-core palaeoecological studies.     

晚前寒武纪重要生物事件与事件地层界线

本文以生物绝灭及生物新生为主线,论述了国内外晚前寒武纪的几个主要生物出现事件——宏观藻类出现事件;后生软躯体动物出现与绝灭事件;带壳动物出现事件.通过这些生物事件,讨论了震旦-寒武系界线目前存在的几种看法,指出了震旦-寒武系界线选在A点是有足够的生物学基础的,同时此界线也是一条重要的事件地层界线.     

兰州盆地晚中新世保德期哺乳动物化石新发现

在永登县中堡镇邢家湾一带发现的晚第三纪保德期哺乳动物化石计有1科5属3种,它可与甘肃东部、西部动物群对比。