雷州半岛雾的气候特征及生消机理

利用分别位于雷州半岛北部、中部和南部的湛江站59a、雷州站46a和徐闻站42a的气象资料,分析了雷州半岛雾发生的规律及生消机理。结果表明：三站年雾日数变化趋势基本一致,呈＂W＂状,局部峰值明显升高。三站的年平均雾日数分别为24.7d、30.4d和21.0d。雷州半岛雾日主要出现在每年的1—4月及12月,3月雾日数最多,7月雾日数最少。近10a湛江站夜间雾发生频率为90%;短雾多,持续时间在4h以内的占75%。雾形成的天气形势可分为高压入海型、低压前型、冷锋前型、静止锋前型、鞍形场或均压场型5类,主要是平流雾、锋面雾和辐射雾。3种雾消散的天气形势是新冷空气补充南下、雾滴出现碰并沉降形成小雨或日出后雾滴蒸发。统计雷州半岛三站2000—2009年雾次频数得出,成雾概率最大的气象条件是气温为15～25℃、T-Td≤1.0℃、Δp3在-3.5～-2hPa和1.5～2.5hPa之间、风向为NNE-ESE及风速小于5m/s。L波段雷达探空大雾个例分析表明：雾顶高度在1.5km左右,雾中温度随高度增加而减小;雾中相对湿度大于92%,1.5km之上急剧减小,3km以上保持不变;T-Td为1.2～6.4℃;近地面风速为2～6m/s,风向随高度顺时针旋转,雾中有暖平流。     

湿度小的晴夜成霜分析

通过对滑县2005年12月两次低湿天气条件下成霜个例分析发现，在相对湿度较小的晴夜，只要地面或近地物有足够的辐射冷却条件、贴地层有适当的水汽供应，仍可有霜形成。     

Diurnal Variations of Atmospheric Hydrogen Peroxide Concentrations in Saxony (Germany)

During a 3-year study, gaseous hydrogenperoxide (H₂O₂) concentrations were measuredas part of the SANA project at the Melpitz FieldResearch Station and in the city of Leipzig. Typicaldaily mean H₂O₂ mixing ratios on sunny dayswere 0.15 to 0.25 ppbv with maximum values of 0.3 to0.5 ppbv at Melpitz, and 0.3 to 0.6 ppbv with maximumvalues of 0.4 to 1.0 ppbv in Leipzig. Over the entireperiod of the project the maximum hourly mean valueswere 2.1 ppbv and 5.3 ppbv in Melpitz and Leipzig,respectively. The data were not complete enough to show a trend.Linear regression analysis shows, that ozone(O₃), temperature and solar radiation arepositively correlated with H₂O₂, whereasnitrogen oxides (NO_x), carbon monoxide (CO) andrelative humidity are negatively correlated. Negativecorrelation between H₂O₂ and CO is caused byjoint occurrence of CO with NO_x in exhaust gases.Negative correlation between H₂O₂ andrelative humidity is not necessarily in contradictionto the accelerating effect of water vapour onH₂O₂ formation. The strong positivecorrelation of H₂O₂ with the dew pointdifference however seems to better reflect theinfluence of water vapour. Multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) of thecomponents measured, indicates the great influence of CO on the formation of H₂O₂ in the gasphase.     

华北北部黑风暴的气候学特征

使用内蒙古中西部72个地面测站1957～1996年历史资料,分析研究了该地区黑风暴的气候学特征,包括黑风暴的地理分布、年代际变化、年际变化、年变化、旬变化、日变化等时间变化特征和强度变化;讨论了形成上述变化特征的气候成因。得到如下结论：内蒙古中西部是黑风暴的易发区和多发区,最大中心位于内蒙古中部的朱日和;黑风暴的时间变化特征显著;强度有较大差异。     

Inhibition of Fertilization and Larval Metamorphosis of the Coral Acropora millepora (Ehrenberg, 1834) by Petroleum Products

Accidental oil spills from ships or rigs and inputs of effluent such as production formation water (PFW) are key perceived threats to tropical biota from industry activities. Scleractinian corals are an important functional component of tropical reefs and the abundance, diversity and resilience of coral communities can be used as an indicator of ecosystem health. In this paper, we report the effects of petroleum products, including water accommodated fractions (WAF) of crude oil, PFW and dispersant (Corexit 9527), on fertilization and larval metamorphosis of the widespread scleractinian coral, Acropora millepora (Ehrenberg, 1834) in laboratory-based assays. At 20% v/v PFW fertilization was inhibited by 25%. This concentration was equivalent 0.0721 mg l⁻¹ total hydrocarbon (THC). In contrast, larval metamorphosis was more sensitive to this effluent, with 98% metamorphosis inhibited at the same concentration. Crude oil WAF did not inhibit fertilization of gametes until dispersant was introduced. Dispersed oil was slightly more toxic to fertilization than dispersant alone, suggesting toxicity to that event may be additive. The minimum concentration of dispersed oil which inhibited fertilization was 0.0325 mg l⁻¹ THC. Larval metamorphosis was more sensitive than fertilization to crude oil. Although crude oil and dispersant inhibited larval metamorphosis individually, this toxicity was magnified when larvae were exposed to combinations of both. Crude oil inhibited metamorphosis at 0.0824 mg l⁻¹ THC and at 0.0325 mg l⁻¹ THC when dispersed in 10% v/v (dispersant/oil). Management of petroleum-related risks to spawning corals should consider not only the occurrence of the annual coral spawning event, but also the subsequent 1–3-week period during which most larval metamorphosis and recruitment occur.     

山东省两次暴雪天气的对比分析

应用常规天气图资料、探空资料、加密自动站观测资料、地基GPS/MET遥感大气水汽观测资料、卫星云图、多普勒雷达观测资料和NCEP/NCAR 1。×1。再分析资料,采用诊断分析和对比分析方法,对山东省2009年11月11 12日和2010年2月28日两次暴雪天气的水汽、热力、动力条件和中尺度特征进行对比分析。结果表明,(1)两次暴雪都是受高空槽影响产生的,700hPa附近有较强的偏南气流向暴雪区输送暖湿空气,整层大气高湿近于饱和,中低层有逆温,整层温度≤0 C;暴雪产生在700～500 hPa槽前西南气流前部、850 hPa东北风与东南风辐合的区域,近地面层都为东北风。(2)不同点是,前次暴雪过程中低层先有冷空气影响,然后中高层暖湿气流北上,中低层能量低,以稳定性降雪为主,持续时间长;后次暴雪过程中,先是中低层暖湿气流北上,而后强冷空气从低层锲入,低层形成低涡,地面形成气旋,中低层对流不稳定,对流发展,降雪强度大,持续时间短。(3)暴雪期间GPS/MET水汽监测的可降水量在20 mm左右,对降雪量有一定的指示性。加密自动站观测中温度0C线是雨、雪的分界线,有助于判别降水的形态。     

滇西北高原一次冰雹灾害天气过程成因诊断及预报

对2010年7月27日发生在滇西北宁蒗县境内一次局地降雹灾害过程进行诊断分析,结果表明:本次降雹过程的主要客观物理量条件是具备充沛的水汽条件、不稳定条件及较强的垂直上升运动条件,但过程前除具备降雹的不稳定条件外,水汽及动力条件均不满足;降雹过程前的数值预报产品分析表明,数值预报产品对本次过程的主要影响系统、水汽条件、垂直运动条件、不稳定条件均有一定的预测能力。因此,在分析主要影响系统及物理量诊断产品(包括数值预报产品)条件下,结合卫星云图及雷达回波可对局地冰雹灾害天气提前预报预警。     

一次冷锋过境后的海风三维结构数值模拟

为研究大尺度系统风对海风的影响以及海风三维结构特征,利用山东省123个地面自动站资料、青岛地区三十多个内陆及沿海、海岛观测站以及奥帆赛场3个浮标站资料,对2006年8月21日青岛一次海风个例进行了分析,并利用美国俄克拉荷马大学风暴分析预测中心开发的ARPS(the Advanced Regional Prediction System)模式,对海风过程进行了数值模拟研究。结果发现:在较强的离岸风背景下,当内陆气温高于海面气温2℃左右时,海风也可以发生。海风首先在海岸线附近的海上开始,发展的同时向内陆及远海地区推进。海风低层环流很浅,主要位于500 m以下。在较强的偏北离岸风下,海风向内陆推进的距离很短。偏北的大尺度系统风由于渤海冷下垫面的影响,不利于青岛海风的维持。海风开始时,在1500～2500 m高度处同时有反环流出现,但直到傍晚前后,海风的垂直环流圈才发展得比较清晰,其高度也更接近地面。海风消亡后,高层的垂直环流圈及反环流维持3 h左右才逐渐消亡。     

关于积云增雨和实施方案的探讨

在综合雷雨云式的积云降水特点和归纳观测及理论结果的基础上,用数值模拟研究了阵雨形成机制,发现雷雨云式的积云结构类似于雹云,也存在着水平风“零域”和成雨“穴道”,大粒子群向这里集中并累积,然后再下泻成阵雨。据此提出了积云人工增雨的动力学根据和设计实施方案的要领,并给出了积云人工增雨作业部位、时机的概念模型。