Changes in overland flow and infiltration after a rangeland fire in a Mediterranean scrubland

Changes in overland flow and infiltration after a wildfire (summer 1989) in a typical Mediterranean scrubland were measured during the winters of 1990, 1991, 1992 and 1995 by means of simulated rainfall. Infiltration increases gradually from 1990 (sixth months after the forest fire) to 1995 (five and a half years after the forest fire). Overland flow decreases from 45% of rainfall after the forest fire to less than 6% five and a half years later. The reduction in overland flow was greatest in the first two years after the fire because of the quick recovery of vegetation. The steady-state infiltration capacity increased every year after the fire. Runoff and infiltration changes are mainly determined by the gradual recovery of vegetation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

邯邢地区中生代侵入岩中磷灰石的成因矿物学研究

氧逸度为有效的氧分压,是实验岩石学中重要的研究课题,岩浆的氧逸度是继温度、压力、浓度等影响成岩成矿过程的关键性物理化学参数。本文利用磷灰石的氧逸度计,对邯邢地区六大主要岩体的岩浆氧逸度进行了计算。研究结果显示,样品中的磷灰石主要为羟-氟磷灰石,磷灰石的形态、成分和结构特征指示其为岩浆成因。磷灰石中的Mn元素在晶格中有两种方式,多以Mn3＋和Mn5＋的方式进入晶格。磷灰石氧逸度计计算的logfo2为-12.31~-9.75,均值-11.02。参考与磷灰石共生角闪石的形成温度,认为邯邢地区岩浆岩普遍具有较高的氧逸度。根据磷灰石氧逸度值与矿床规模的填图结果,认为并非氧逸度越高越有利于邯邢式铁矿的形成。结合矿物学填图等值线闭合的趋势,进而推断邯邢地区中部的符山和武安岩体深部可能仍存在较好的找矿远景。     

环境风险应急管理决策支持系统的设计与实现

针对典型煤化工产业聚集区(太原市晋源区)环境风险应急管理决策支持系统的建立,进行系统功能结构划分和详细设计,并利用ArcGIS Server二次开发,实现在Web环境下地物空间信息的完整表达,地理信息的定位查询,应急救援资源的分类查询和对风险源的实时监控,完成最短路径查询、最邻近设施选择、救援服务区确定等空间分析功能,形成完整的应急响应机制,为应急管理决策提供有力依据。     

利用HLA的分布式虚拟森林环境构建

以分布式虚拟森林灭火环境为例,基于HLA/RTI协议,设计和初步实现了地形、树木、林火、灭火工具联邦成员组成的分布式森林灭火仿真系统虚拟场景的三维动态生成与显示。系统将仿真的底层通讯和上层的模型控制框架、三维图形绘制分离开来,形成各个独立的模块,具有扩展性和重用性。     

长江黄河源区高寒草甸退化研究进展

长江黄河源区内高寒草甸退化是当前研究的热点问题之一。但多数研究中涉及的源区范围、高寒草甸的分类、高寒草甸的退化原因及恢复治理措施等方面,各学者的看法并不相同,难以实现各项研究结果的比较研究。从源区范围、高寒草甸的分类、高寒草甸的退化原因及恢复治理措施等方面阐述了各学者研究的差异,指出:长江黄河源区高寒草甸的进一步深入研究有必要对源区的范围进行界定;高寒草甸的分类常常因研究目的不同而有所差异,以退化程度进行的分类能够反映高寒草甸的动态变化过程,但需要定量指标对退化的不同程度进行界定;遥感影像解译的结果由于遥感影像本身的不确定性和主观因素的影响而难以统一;退化的原因目前主要集中于自然因素和人为因素两方面的研究,针对这些因素采取的控制措施在局部区域取得了一定效果,但并没有抑制高寒草甸在总体上的进一步退化,寻找一种综合的有效的治理措施还是今后的研究目标。     

A review of diagnostic emission line ratios in the Narrow Line Region of Active Galactic Nuclei

The availability of new observing facilities both from ground and space such as the Keck 10m telescope and the Hubble Space Telescope is casting new light on the spectroscopic investigation of emission line galaxies. In particular, it is now possible to detect spectra with a significantly improved signal to noise ratio in a very wide wavelength range, from the ultraviolet to the near infrared (HST, Keck) and beyond (ISO is unveiling the far infrared domain). As we move to high redshifts, however, it is more likely that the observed spectra are given by the contribution of different components in the galaxy: in particular, this may be the case if an Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN hereafter) emitting a power-law continuum is surrounded by regions with strong star formation activity. The identification of the source which ionizes the line emitting regions is then complicated by the fact that we are observing the integrated spectrum from regions which are ionized by different sources. In this paper we wish to review which line ratios may be used in order to discriminate between photoionization by young stars and power-law continuum in the wavelength range from 1200 Å to 100 μm. To this aim we used the photoionization code Cloudy (Ferland 1996) to present a series of diagnostic diagrams showing the dependence of emission line ratios on the main input parameters of photoionization models in the case of one component models with gaseous clouds ionized by (1) a stellar continuum typical of an HII region and (2) a power-law continuum typical of an AGN: these line ratios are plotted as isoratio maps for different values of the hydrogen density, ionization parameter and slope of the power-law continuum. We then show how the results may be affected by more realistic assumptions about the environment of the ionized gas: to this aim, we show the effects on selected line ratios of (a) the presence of two populations of clouds with different densities and (b) an AGN surrounded by regions with strong star formation activity.     

Non-point source pollution in Indian agriculture: Estimation of nitrogen losses from rice crop using remote sensing and GIS

The paper presents a detailed understanding of nitrogenous fertilizer use in Indian agriculture and estimation of seasonal nitrogen loosses from rice crop in Indo-Gangetic plain region, the ‘food bowl’ of the Indian sub-continent. An integrated methodology was developed for quantification of different forms of nitrogen losses from rice crop using remote sensing derived inputs, field data of fertilizer application, collateral data of soil and rainfall and nitrogen loss coefficients derived from published nitrogen dynamics studies. The spatial patterns of nitrogen losses in autumn or ‘kharif’ and spring or ‘rabi’ season rice at 1 × 1 km grid were generated using image processing and GIS. The nitrogen losses through leaching in form of urea-N, ammonium-N (NH₄-N) and nitrate-N (NO₃-N) are dominant over ammonia volatilization loss. The study results indicate that nitrogen loss through leaching in kharif and rabi rice is of the order of 34.9% and 39.8% of the applied nitrogenous fertilizer in the Indo-Gangetic plain region. This study provides a significant insight to the role of nitrogenous fertilizer as a major non-point source pollutant from agriculture.     

结合强度信息的LIDAR数据滤波方法

机载激光扫描系统可以直接生成扫描区域的数字表面模型,但是为了提取数字地面模型还须对LIDAR数据进行滤波处理。本文分析了用坡度法对机载LIDAR数据进行滤波的不足,并结合LIDAR数据中的强度信息,提出了一种结合强度信息的LIDAR数据滤波方法。与坡度法相比,该方法提高了滤波的精度和效率。试验结果表明该方法计算速度快,并能够有效地滤除LIDAR数据中的地物。     

盈江县超上地区橄榄辉石岩脉地球化学特征、岩石成因及其构造环境

盈江县超上地区橄榄辉石岩脉的全岩地球化学特征表明:岩脉具有高Al、低Ti、贫P2O5和低碱的特点,属于低钾拉斑系列。另外具有与橄榄岩平衡的原生岩浆相一致的Mg#值为(70.89~72.18)、略微的Eu正异常(δEu=1.16~1.40),轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素相对平缓;微量元素蛛网图上岩脉富集大离子亲石元素U、Th、Pb等,强烈亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Hf、P、Ti等。通过综合分析,认为岩脉岩浆源区为被俯冲板片流体改造过的亏损地幔,由其形成的母岩浆在演化过程中遭受了不同程度的下地壳物质的同化混染作用和有限的结晶分异作用,并可能经历了辉石的堆晶作用。结合区域资料,认为盈江县超上橄榄辉石岩脉形成于岛弧环境,超上地区可能在侏罗纪时期经历了中特提斯洋的俯冲消减。     

Mineralogy,Fluid Inclusion,and Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Studies of the Intrusion‐Related Yangla Cu Deposit in the Sanjiang Region,SW China: Implications for Metallogenesis and Deposit Type

The Yangla deposit is an intrusion‐related Cu deposit in the Jinshajiang tectonic belt (eastern Sanjiang region, SW China). Despite extensive studies that have been conducted on this deposit, the relationship between the granitic magma and Cu mineralization is still unclear, and hence, the genesis is debated. To answer this question, we conducted an integrated study of mineralogy, fluid inclusions (FIs), and hydrogen and oxygen (H‐O) isotopes. Three mineralization stages were identified based on the ore textures, alteration zonation, and crosscutting relationships: (i) pre‐ore prograde skarn (stage I), with the garnet and pyroxene dominated by andradite and diopside, respectively; (ii) syn‐ore retrograde alteration (stage II), which is subdivided into the early syn‐ore stage (stage IIa) marked by retrograde hydrated mineral assemblages and significant Fe‐Cu‐Mo‐Pb‐Zn sulfide mineralization, and the late syn‐ore stage (stage IIb) featured by quartz‐calcite veins; and (iii) late supergene mineralization (stage III), which is characterized by secondary azurite and malachite. These results of mineralogy, FIs, and H‐O isotopes indicate that: (i) Cu mineralization has a close temporal, spatial, and genetic relationship with skarn alteration; (ii) the ore fluids were magmatic dominated with late‐stage meteoric water incursion; and (iii) Type‐S (halite‐bearing) and Type‐V (vapor‐rich) FIs coexisted in garnet and clinopyroxene of stage I, indicating that fluid boiling might have occurred during this stage. From stage I to stage IIa, the FI type transformed from Type‐S + Type‐V + Type‐L (liquid‐rich) to Type‐V + Type‐L with the conduct of mineralization and was accompanied by the disappearance of Type‐S, and homogenization temperature and salinity also tended to decrease dramatically, which may be caused by the deposition of skarn minerals. At stage IIa, boiling of the ore fluids still continued due to the change from lithostatic to hydrostatic pressure, which triggered the precipitation of abundant quartz‐Cu‐Mo‐Fe sulfides. Furthermore, fluid mixing between a high‐temperature magmatic fluid and a low‐temperature meteoric water might cause a considerable drop in temperature and the deposition of Cu‐bearing quartz/calcite veins during stage IIb. Hence, we consider the Yangla deposit to be of a skarn type, genetically related to the Mesozoic magmatism in the Sanjiang region.