赤水林区旱季雾水对地表径流的水量贡献

为探明赤水林区旱季地表径流补给来源组成以及雾水对该地区的水量贡献,于2014年12月对区域内水量大、易进入的3条瀑布径流进行了采样,样品包括雾水、泉水和溪水。通过对水样进行D、18O同位素分析,并与遵义的降水同位素数据对比,发现赤水林区旱季雾水的D、18O明显比降水富集;泉水和溪水具有相似的氢氧同位素组成,都落在11月与12月的降水同位素之间,且都分布于遵义地区降水线附近。赤水林区旱季地表径流主要受地下水补给,地下水是前期间断性的降水与持续不断的雾水的混合。雾水间接补给地表径流,是旱季地表径流重要的水量来源。在四洞沟、十丈洞和燕子岩这几个区域的平均补给量达到了24.1%(D同位素的计算结果),18O同位素的计算结果为20.0%。     

“Of outstanding universal value”: The challenge of scale in applying the World Heritage Convention at national parks in the US

This paper explores the operation of the international World Heritage Convention in the national context of the United States. Although an early advocate of the national park idea and among the earliest proponents of the Convention, the US has shown increasing ambivalence towards the World Heritage Program since the mid-1990s. Through in-depth interviews with expert informants and a questionnaire survey of 406 visitors at four US World Heritage Sites, this study considers whether combining national and international conservation designations provides valuable reinforcement of conservation goals, or leads to unnecessary overlap and even challenges to sovereignty. The majority of my expert informants were supportive of the Convention, related to philosophical and practical benefits that they believed to be associated with the World Heritage label, although most identified few tangible influences of the World Heritage Program itself. Several noted hostility to the Program from a nationalist fringe, which fears international involvement in land use decisions. Such concerns were reflected in questionnaire responses, which revealed some distrust of the Convention and misunderstandings of its operation. I conclude that the scalar mismatch of implementing an international convention at the national scale inevitably involves challenges, but that country-specific factors are important in explaining why the Convention has been particularly controversial in the US. Education is integral to addressing these challenges, as well as reengagement with the Program by both the National Park Service and the federal administration. Intangible values associated with World Heritage mean that the Convention still enjoys considerable support in the US, providing a solid foundation for such a reengagement.     

The effectiveness of decentralisation reforms in the Philippines’s forestry sector

Decentralisation reforms and political conditions in the Philippines present an ideal environment for forest management by recognising the land entitlements of upland and indigenous communities and promoting the involvement of local government units. By assessing whether current conditions – policies, institutions, and programmes – are conducive to effective decentralisation, this study examines the present state of decentralisation in the forestry sector of the Philippines. By analysing case studies conducted in Nueva Vizcaya Province, it also attempts to answer a broader question: when is decentralisation a success and when is it a failure? A number of uncertainties are revealed, along with various issues that hamper decentralisation, and that are interrelated and reinforce one another in much the same way as they have done over the past decade. The study highlights the need for caution when increasing the involvement of government at different levels, as it affects the pace of decentralisation reforms. It also shows that a mix of site-specific interventions and community endeavours that focus on securing local livelihoods has led to some success. This is a strategy that helps decentralisation reforms.     

矿山公园实例、特征及建设意义探讨

随着我国枯竭矿山的不断增多,针对废弃矿山和中晚期矿山的生态环境恢复治理,提出建设国家级矿山公园。解决矿山废墟带来的环境恶化,体现了矿山公园的核心价值,是矿山复垦、复绿浩大工程的一部分。它具有循环经济模式的特点,即矿山生产的周期完结后,投入旅游产业经济循环中,为社会提供的新的旅游资源;矿山公园也为保护矿业遗迹和地质遗迹提供可能。     

Comparative Study on Collective Forest Tenure Reform and Water Rights System Reform in China

Collective forest tenure reform and water rights system reform are two types of resource system reform initiated by the Chinese government since the implementation of the reform and opening policy of the 1980s. Forest tenure reform has been completed and water rights system reform is ongoing. This study analyzes key points and problems with collective forest tenure reform and summarizes four typical successful reform measures and lessons that will have implications for the developing water rights system: the collective forest-cutting quota system, collective forest tenure compensation, collective forest tenure confirmation, and collective forest tenure trading center. A flexible water permission index, compensation measures in water rights trade, water rights approval, and various forms of water rights trading platforms are proposed as reform measures. This study fills a gap in comparative studies between two important resource system reforms in China and provides a reference for further reform and development of water rights systems locally and abroad.     

Spatial Differentiation Characteristics and Driving Forces of Forest Transition: A Case Study of Zunyi City,Guizhou

Spatial differentiation in forest transition was measured in terms of space transition and function transition using the exploratory spatial data analysis method (ESDA) and data from 2004—2014 for Zunyi city, Guizhou province, China. The validity of factors affecting forest transition was analyzed by constructing radial basis function neural networks (RBFNN) based on the data processing system (DPS). Our results will provide references for scientific understanding of the potential mechanism underlying forest transition in mountainous areas. We found that Global Moran’s I of space transition and function transition of forest land was 0.0336 and 0.2323, respectively. This suggests a significant positive correlation in spatial distribution of space transition and function transition of forest land, and significant spatial aggregation. The Global Moran’s I of function transition was higher than that of space transition, and the spatial aggregation characteristics of function transition were more significant than for space transition. The Global Moran’s I at each time period tended to increase, and the spatial aggregation degree of the function transition and space transition was further enhanced. Hot and cold spots of space transition of forest land stably evolved, suggesting a minor spatial difference in forest land among different administrative units at the county level. The number of hot spots at the county level in function transition increased. Hot spots were intensively distributed at the western edge and continuously distributed in the northeast. The space transition and function transition of forest land were both greatly influenced by urbanization rate and second and third industries. The development of urbanization and industrialization was the main factor driving forest transition, suggesting a positive role of economic growth on forest transition in mountainous areas. The development of urbanization and industrialization is an effective approach to forest transition in mountainous areas.     

中国14个连片特困地区的森林转型及其解释

利用MODIS土地覆盖数据,分析了2002-2013年中国14个连片特困地区森林转型的特点,探明了连片特困地区林地变化的趋势及其空间异质性。在此基础上,选择空间变量,建立线性回归模型探究林地面积变化的影响因素,得出连片特困地区森林转型所遵循的路径。结果表明,2002-2013年间,中国14个连片特困地区林地面积净增加106554.75 km²,增长率为11.93%,森林进入转型后期,即森林面积净增加阶段;秦巴山区、武陵山区、西藏地区东南部、四省藏区东部、燕山—太行山区东部是林地增长的热点区域,而林地增长冷点区域则主要分布在800 mm等降水量线以北的广大区域、大别山区和滇桂黔石漠化区东部;非农人口的增加以及林业工程的实施都对林地面积的增加有显著的促进作用,中国14个连片特困地区的森林转型主要遵循着经济发展路径和国家森林政策路径。在连片特困地区,应加快小城镇建设的步伐,同时依托其丰富的自然资源,因地制宜地发展乡村生态旅游业;国家森林政策方面,应将连片特困地区作为生态建设重点区域,切实保护中国的森林资源。     

Natural Resource Access Rights and Wrongs: Nontimber Forest Products Gathering in Urban Environments

This article uses research about non-timber forest products (NTFP) gathering in Seattle, Washington, USA to examine how people gain access to natural resources in urban environments. Our analysis focuses on gathering in three spaces: parks, yards, and public rights of way. We present a framework for conceptualizing access, and highlight cognitive mechanisms of access associated with foragers’ internal moral judgments about harvesting. Key findings are: (1) internal moral calculations about whether it is right or wrong to harvest a particular NTFP in a particular place are an important but previously unacknowledged mechanism governing resource access; and (2) these calculations may help prevent over-harvesting of NTFPs, which are common pool resources, in urban environments where social and environmental conditions lend themselves to a de facto situation of open access. Our findings suggest that voluntary codes of conduct may be the best way to manage NTFP access in cities.     

气候变化和人类活动对南方红壤丘陵区森林生态系统影响模拟研究——以江西泰和县为例

在全球气候变化和人类活动的影响下,森林生态系统结构、功能以及空间格局都将发生不同程度的变化。明晰景观尺度上未来森林的动态变化,对森林可持续发展具有重要意义。选择江西省泰和县为研究区,综合利用土地利用模型（CA-Markov）和森林景观动态模型（LANDIS-II）,并结合生态系统过程模型（PnET-II）,模拟气候变化、土地利用、采伐以及综合情景下未来40年（2010-2050年）阔叶林、针叶林的面积及生物量变化。结果表明：① 气候变化对森林面积影响较小,采伐使森林面积显著减少,土地利用变化使森林面积的变化更加剧烈;② 针叶林和阔叶林对不同干扰方式的响应表现出较强差异,针叶林对采伐的响应更加剧烈;③ 多模型综合模拟方法有助于区域森林管理,为南方红壤丘陵区森林结构优化和功能提升提供科学建议。     

基于随机森林的黄土地貌分类研究

地貌分类在指导人类建设活动的规模与布局中有着重要的意义。然而,传统的基于数字高程模型(DEM)的地貌分类方法使用的地形因子和考虑到的地貌特征往往比较单一。本文提出了一种基于流域单元的地貌分类方法,该方法考虑了流域单元的多方面特征,包括基本地形因子统计量、地形特征点线统计量、小流域特征和纹理特征。本研究首先基于DEM进行水文分析将研究区域划分成不同的小流域。然后利用数字地形分析提取29个不同方面的特征来表征流域的形态,并基于随机森林(RF)算法进行了特征选择和参数标定。RF是一种基于决策树算法的集成分类器,能有效地处理高维数据,分类精度高。最后选择训练集小流域对RF分类器进行训练,使用训练完成的分类器对整个研究区域的地貌进行分类,研究地貌分异的规律。该实验在我国陕北黄土高原典型黄土地貌区域的地貌分类中取得了较好的结果,结果表明不同的地貌之间存在明显的区域界线,特定的地貌类型在空间上表现出明显的聚集性。通过人工判读进行验证的分类精度达到了85%,Kappa系数为0.83。