Predictive modelling of gold potential with the integration of multisource information based on random forest: a case study on the Rodalquilar area,Southern Spain

Mineral exploration activities require robust predictive models that result in accurate mapping of the probability that mineral deposits can be found at a certain location. Random forest (RF) is a powerful machine data-driven predictive method that is unknown in mineral potential mapping. In this paper, performance of RF regression for the likelihood of gold deposits in the Rodalquilar mining district is explored. The RF model was developed using a comprehensive exploration GIS database composed of: gravimetric and magnetic survey, a lithogeochemical survey of 59 elements, lithology and fracture maps, a Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper image and gold occurrence locations. The results of this study indicate that the use of RF for the integration of large multisource data sets used in mineral exploration and for prediction of mineral deposit occurrences offers several advantages over existing methods. Key advantages of RF include: (1) the simplicity of parameter setting; (2) an internal unbiased estimate of the prediction error; (3) the ability to handle complex data of different statistical distributions, responding to nonlinear relationships between variables; (4) the capability to use categorical predictors; and (5) the capability to determine variable importance. Additionally, variables that RF identified as most important coincide with well-known geologic expectations. To validate and assess the effectiveness of the RF method, gold prospectivity maps are also prepared using the logistic regression (LR) method. Statistical measures of map quality indicate that the RF method performs better than LR, with mean square errors equal to 0.12 and 0.19, respectively. The efficiency of RF is also better, achieving an optimum success rate when half of the area predicted by LR is considered.     

深圳大鹏半岛常绿季雨林和常绿阔叶林群落物种多样性分析

采用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数,对深圳大鹏半岛亚热带常绿季雨林和亚热带常绿阔叶林的植物群落物种多样性进行研究.结果表明：常绿季雨林和常绿阔叶林共有6个主要群落类型;常绿季雨林群落内各层多样性指数和均匀度指数顺序为灌木层＞乔木层＞草本层,常绿阔叶林群落内各层多样性指数和均匀度指数顺序为乔木层＞灌木层＞草本层;常绿季雨林和常绿阔叶林乔、灌层物种多样性比较中,常绿季雨林＜常绿阔叶林,草本层比较中,常绿季雨林＞常绿阔叶林;常绿季雨林和常绿阔叶林都具有亚热带向热带过渡的明显特征.过度的人类干扰将导致植物物种多样性降低.     

鹤庆县天然林保护工程地理信息系统设计与实现

长江上游天然林资源保护工程已经全面启动,鹤庆县作为云南省金沙江流域首批试点县已经实施了近5年,工程进展十分顺利。为了加强对天然林资源保护工程的管理,应用GIS技术建立了鹤庆县天然林保护工程地理信息系统。系统采用PowerBuilder8.0和MapObjects2.2进行集成二次开发,实现了对县级范围内的天然林资源保护工程地理信息的输入、存储、显示、查询、分析和应用,为天然林资源的信息管理、合理利用、工程规划与实施以及辅助决策等提供多方面的数据信息,为政府部门保护天然林资源提供了手段和依据。     

湘西土家族苗族自治州荒山资源开发中的问题与对策

湘西自治州,属武陵山区,共有荒山78.3万公顷,占总土地面积的37％,以往开发中存在的主要问题是:毁林开荒,生态环境恶化,水土流失严重,旱涝灾害频繁。对策是:大量发展经济林和用材林,营造水源涵养林和薪炭林,实行林牧结合,提高山地利用率。     

额济纳旗胡杨林旅游气象条件分析

针对胡杨林观赏旅游对气象条件依赖性强的特点,利用额济纳旗1981—2010年气象观测资料,初步分析额济纳旗胡杨林旅游最佳时间和各气象要素对本地区旅游出行的影响,为合理安排旅游时间提供理论依据。研究表明:①额济纳旗胡杨林景区的旅游期一般在9月下旬至10月下旬之间,旅游黄金时间为10月5日至10月17日(近30a平均时间);②额济纳旗胡杨林旅游时节降水、风速对旅游出行影响不大,但游客应要做好白天的防晒、降温、保湿的同时要做好夜晚户外活动的保暖等相应的准备。     

On the Formulation of Lagrangian Stochastic Models of Scalar Dispersion Within Plant Canopies

Lagrangian stochastic models, quadratic in velocity and satisfying the well-mixed condition for two-dimensional Gaussian turbulence, are used to make predictions of scalar dispersion within a model plant canopy. The non-uniqueness associated with satisfaction of the well-mixed condition is shown to be non-trivial (i.e. different models produce different predictions for scalar dispersion). The best agreement between measured and predicted mean concentrations of scalars is shown to be obtained with a small sub-class of optimal models. This sub-class of optimal models includes Thomson's model (J. Fluid Mech. 180, 529–556, 1987), the simplest model that satisfies the well-mixed condition for Gaussian turbulence, but does not include two other models identified recently as being in optimal agreement with the measured spread of tracers in a neutral boundary layer. It is therefore demonstrated that such models are not universal, i.e. applicable to a wide range of flows without readjustment of model parameters. Predictions for scalar dispersion in the model plant canopy are also obtained using the model of Flesch and Wilson (Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 61, 349–374, 1992). It is shown that, when used with a Gaussian velocity distribution or a maximum-missing-information velocity distribution, which accounts for the measured skewness and kurtosis of velocity statistics, the agreement between predictions obtained using the model of Flesch and Wilson and measurements is as good as that obtained using Thomson's model.     

紫外辐射增加对小麦群体结构的影响

南京地区小麦田间紫外辐射试验表明,紫外辐射量的增大能显著影响小麦的群体结构,进而影响小麦对紫外辐射的反射与吸收。本文从小麦群体结构的角度对上述影响进行了详细的量化分析,并对产生这种影响的可能机制进行了探讨。     

Diurnal and seasonal variations of CO2 fluxes and their climate controlling factors for a subtropical forest in Ningxiang

In this study, the diurnal and seasonal variations of CO2 fluxes in a subtropical mixed evergreen forest in Ningxiang of Hunan Province, part of the East Asian monsoon region, were quantified for the first time. The fluxes were based on eddy covariance measurements from a newly initiated flux tower. The relationship between the CO2 fluxes and climate factors was also analyzed. The results showed that the target ecosystem appeared to be a clear carbon sink in 2013, with integrated net ecosystem CO2exchange(NEE), ecosystem respiration(RE), and gross ecosystem productivity(GEP) of-428.8, 1534.8 and1963.6 g C m-2yr-1, respectively. The net carbon uptake(i.e. the-NEE), RE and GEP showed obvious seasonal variability,and were lower in winter and under drought conditions and higher in the growing season. The minimum NEE occurred on12 June(-7.4 g C m-2d-1), due mainly to strong radiation, adequate moisture, and moderate temperature; while a very low net CO2 uptake occurred in August(9 g C m-2month-1), attributable to extreme summer drought. In addition, the NEE and GEP showed obvious diurnal variability that changed with the seasons. In winter, solar radiation and temperature were the main controlling factors for GEP, while the soil water content and vapor pressure deficit were the controlling factors in summer. Furthermore, the daytime NEE was mainly limited by the water-stress effect under dry and warm atmospheric conditions, rather than by the direct temperature-stress effect.     

周边社区经济对漳江口红树林自然保护区资源依赖程度调查研究

以漳江口红树林国家级自然保护区为例,研究周边社区经济对自然保护区资源的依赖程度。选择竹塔村和船场村为研究对象,按滩涂承包户、鱼塘养殖户及农户3大类随机分层抽样的方式选择适当数量的样本进行入户调查。调查结果表明,社区经济对红树林自然保护区依赖方式主要有滩涂承包、讨小海、受雇捡拾海产品及鱼塘养殖。用依赖系数作为衡量社区经济对自然保护区资源依赖程度的指标,从3个层面来分析依赖系数,一是以村为基本单位的层面,竹塔村、船场村两村依赖于红树林保护区资源的经济收入成份分别为48.4%和51%;二是以户为单位的层面,竹塔村调查样本依赖系数D>50%的占总样本数的46%,船场村为41%;三是以不同调查群体为单位的层面,滩涂承包户及鱼塘养殖户对红树林保护区资源的依赖系数非常高,接近于100%,而对于农户来说,对红树林保护区资源的依赖系数相对低一些,在其经济收入超过全村平均值的群体中,农户对红树林保护区资源依赖系数大于50%的,竹塔村占6.3%,船场村占16.7%。村民的经济收入结构中,依赖于红树林国家级保护区的经济成份占有重大比重。提出政府应该鼓励村民公众参与保护区管理,使得村庄与保护区和谐发展的建议。     

林火干扰下的大兴安岭呼中区景观动态分析

利用大兴安岭呼中区1979、1995年的1：50万森林分布图及1969～2001年林火数据对大兴安岭呼中区林火状况、各景观指数及火灾对景观变化的影响进行研究。结果表明：呼中区火灾轮回期823a，大大超过正常的火灾轮回期；从1979～1995年各植被类型的面积变化不是很大，其中野青茅草甸和樟子松林的面积均有所减少，兴安落叶松林和阔叶混交林的面积均有所增加；斑块数量除兴安落叶松林外均有所增加，其中阔叶混交林增加显著，这些植被类型在1979～1995年间产生较大的破碎化，兴安落叶松林的斑块数量则有所降低；形状指数除樟子松外均有较大的增加，斑块形状趋于复杂，兴安落叶松林在空间的连续性有所增加，局部的破碎化依然导致形状指数增大；聚集度增加，Simpson多样性指数有所降低；各类型的斑块在面积上均匀性降低。在呼中区，相对于自然状态下的火干扰而言，人为影响下的火干扰对景观格局变化影响的重要性显著降低。