Estimating the potential predictability of Australian surface maximum and minimum temperature

A study is made of the potential predictability of seasonal means in Australian surface maximum and minimum temperature using monthly data from December 1950 to November 2000. Because the usual assumption of stationarity cannot be applied to the observations at all stations and for all seasons, a modification to an existing methodology is proposed. Here, we show that, to a first order, monthly mean variances within a season can be modeled by a linear relationship, and inter-monthly correlations can be assumed to be stationary. The intraseasonal component of variability can then be estimated using monthly data. Removing the intraseasonal variance from the total interannual variance allows an estimate of the potential predictability to be made. Surface maximum and minimum temperature has high potential predictability over most of northern Australia in the four main seasons. However, there is high potential predictability only in some of the four seasons for the centre and south of Australia. Surface minimum temperature is generally more potentially predictable than surface maximum temperature. The spatial and temporal patterns of potential predictability are generally consistent with published patterns of hindcast skill from a statistical forecast scheme. A comparison between the intraseasonal variance of Australian surface maximum and minimum temperature estimated using the stationary variance assumption and the linear assumptions showed qualitatively and quantitatively similar patterns of distribution.     

平抚社会恐震心理化解预报科普困扰

一次具有社会影响的地震发生之后,很多人会问为什么,意即在这个地方、这个节骨眼儿,为啥会发生这样大小的地震?为及时回应社会关切,地震分析预报工作者或专家往往尽其所能在第一时间给出比较科学的解释,诸如"余震说""构造说""能量说".可是不少公众并不买账,提出更多问题或多方质疑,甚至伴随讽刺和调侃.例如,2020年"7?12...     

Operational wave prediction of extreme storms in Northern Europe

The disastrous effects of numerous winter storms on the marine environment in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea during the last decade show that wind waves generated by strong winds actually represent natural hazards and require high quality wave forecast systems as warning tools to avoid losses due to the impact of rough seas. Hence, the operational wave forecast system running at the German Weather Service including a regional wave model for the North Sea and the Baltic Sea is checked extensively whether it provides reasonable wave forecasts, especially for periods of extraordinary high sea states during winter storms. For two selected extreme storm events that induced serious damage in the area of interest, comprehensive comparisons between wave measurements and wave model forecast data are accomplished. Spectral data as well as integrated parameters are considered, and the final outcome of the corresponding comparisons and statistical analysis is encouraging. Over and above the capability to provide good short-term forecast results, the regional wave model is able to predict extreme events as severe winter storms connected with extraordinary high waves already about 2 days in advance. Therefore, it represents an appropriate warning tool for offshore activities and coastal environment.     

雷暴潜势预报中几个基本问题的讨论

基于雷暴发生三要素的雷暴潜势预报思路已被广为接受,文章旨在讨论其在业务预报应用中的一些具体问题,澄清一些容易混淆的概念。内容包括大气层结不稳定与对流;雷暴触发机制与抬升作用及其与天气系统的关系;如何处理雷暴发生三要素"足够"的问题;"流型识别"与"配料法"的综合应用等。层结不稳定是雷暴发生三要素之一,也是短时预报分析的重点.文章讨论了各种中尺度不稳定在雷暴发生中的作用,给出了估计CAPE值时空演变的着眼点,对位势不稳定和对称不稳定概念及其判据进行了较深入的讨论。     

吉林省塔东地区铁矿资源潜力研究

搜集了以往的地质矿产调查、勘查、物探以及科研成果等多元资料;以成矿理论为指导,开展区域成矿地质背景、成矿规律、物探多元信息研究,深入全面总结矿产的成矿类型,研究以成矿系列为核心内容的区域成矿规律;运用体现地质成矿规律内涵的预测技术,全面全过程应用GIS技术,在Ⅳ、Ⅴ级成矿区内圈定预测区基础上,实现资源潜力预测。     

福建省汛期地质灾害气象预报预警介绍

通过近年来福建省境内所发生地质灾害点与灾害发生之前10 d内实际累计过程降雨量、灾害发生时临灾及降雨量的统计分析,初步建立了福建省汛期地质灾害预报预警模式,利用预报预警区前期实际累计过程降雨量和福建省气象台提供的未来24 h降雨量预报资料,以及不同的地形(地貌)、岩土体等条件,对降雨诱发的地质灾害、发生时间和范围可能性作出预报预警,由福建省国土资源厅和福建省气象局联合在福建省电视台发布福建省地质灾害气象预报预警。     

攀西地区水系沉积物铂、钯地球化学异常特征及找矿远景预测

水系沉积物地球化学测量表明,攀枝花-西昌地区存在一个与峨眉山玄武岩分布范围基本吻合的P t,Pd区域地球化学异常,玄武岩中铂族元素丰度值普遍较高是一种正常的高背景现象,而峨眉山玄武岩中P t,Pd严重亏损或正异常显著的局部地区则显示出一定程度的成矿潜力。研究根据水系沉积物下伏基岩性质的不同,确定了不同地层单元和侵入岩类的P t,Pd背景值和异常下限,在研究区圈出多处P t,Pd衬值异常。结合有关铂族矿床以及同源玄武岩地球化学特征的认识,通过对水系沉积物P t,Pd综合异常的筛选,初步优选出铂族元素找矿远景区10个。     

流域水工程群并发联合调度技术研究

水工程群联合调度是将区域内水库、闸坝、分洪枢纽等不同水利工程对象,根据指定的调度规则库,按照特定目标进行联合调控运用的分析过程.随着流域内水工程对象的不断增加,水工程群联合调度分析计算过程复杂性愈来愈高.为满足新形势下,流域水工程群联合调度计算的时效性需求,建设具有预报调度一体化功能的流域水模拟系统已成为当前研究的热点...     

人工神经网络模型在渭河下游洪水预报中的应用

通过对渭河下游站点的时间序列及空间分布的分析,确定出影响华县站流量的时间和空间信息,并将其引入神经网络模型;采用典型的BP神经网络,重点对网络的隐含层节点数、训练次数和学习率进行分析,构建了渭河下游华县断面流量预报的人工神经网络模型;并采用RMSE、NSC和相关系数 R作为模型效果评定标准,将其与传统多元统计回归模型进行了对比。结果表明,所建的BP神经网络模型较多元统计回归模型的预报效果有显著的提高。     

自然灾害灾情评估研究与实践进展

自然灾害灾情评估是科学开展灾害管理工作的基础。灾情评估以单次灾害过程的灾前预评估、灾中应急评估、灾后综合评估以及区域灾情评估为主要内容,基于历史灾情统计资料的评估方法、基于承灾体易损性的评估方法、现场抽样调查统计方法、遥感图像或航片识别法、基层统计上报方法、经济学方法等是灾情评估的主要方法。灾情评估的目标从对灾情的估算和统计扩展到对灾情大小的分级,评估内容上逐步重视灾害的社会经济影响评估,评估方法上注重多种方法的综合应用,以及建立灾情评估系统是灾情评估研究与应用的主要发展方向。国内外研究和实践成果在减灾工作中的实际应用亟待加强,迫切需要形成包括对单次灾害过程的灾前预评估、灾中应急评估、灾后综合评估以及区域灾情综合评估在内的自然灾害灾情评估的内容体系、评估指标体系、评估标准体系和评估方法体系。