Evaluation of policy options for the live reef food fish trade in the province of Palawan,Western Philippines

The live reef food fish (LRFF) trade has an estimated annual retail value of US$1 billion in the Asia-Pacific region and at least US$30 million in the Philippines. Palawan Province is the trade's center accounting for as much as 55% of the commodity's total export. Concern about the LRFF trade has caused the Palawan Provincial government to take action to regulate the trade. Four key policy options to address the short-term policy objective of developing a sustainable LRFF industry through the reduction of threats associated with destructive fishing and overfishing were proposed. These four policy options and associated analyses were presented to stakeholders at three separate policy consultations. The stakeholders reached a consensus that a regulated LRFF trade was the most sensible option. As a result, the Provincial Government of Palawan took action to enact “The Palawan Live Reef Fish Ordinance of 2006”, which provides for the sustainable and integrated regulation of the LRFF industry. This provincial ordinance will assist in crafting a national policy for the LRFF trade and may also be useful in revising the 1998 Philippine Fisheries Code. The key challenge is how to translate the ordinance provisions into effective on-the-ground actions.     

Chemosynthetic trophic support for the benthic community at an intertidal cold seep site at Mocha Island off central Chile

We analyzed C and N stable isotope ratios of benthic fauna and their potential food sources at an intertidal methane seep site and a control site without emanation at Mocha Island (central Chile). The objective was to trace the origin of the main food sources used by the local heterotrophic fauna, based on the hypothesis that chemosynthetic production could be partially fueling the local food web at the seep site. Food sources sampled at both sites included macroalgae, particulate organic matter and bacteria-like filaments found growing over the red algae Gelidium lingulatum within the areas of active methane release.     

温度和盐度对龙虎斑存活与摄食的影响

龙虎斑是由棕点石斑鱼(Epinephelusfuscoguttatus♀)和鞍带石斑鱼(Epinepheluslanceolatus♂)的杂交种。研究水温及盐度在骤变和渐变情况下龙虎斑的存活和摄食情况,结果表明:龙虎斑在温度为14³5℃的海水中均能存活和摄食,最适宜温度环境为2535℃的海水中均能存活和摄食,最适宜温度环境为25³5℃;温度从30℃骤变至20、25、35℃时,龙虎斑100%存活;从30℃骤变至10℃和15℃时,龙虎斑全部死亡;水温从30℃开始渐变,下降幅度为1℃/d,当下降至24℃时摄食减少,13℃时停止摄食,下降至11℃时出现死亡。龙虎斑在盐度为135℃;温度从30℃骤变至20、25、35℃时,龙虎斑100%存活;从30℃骤变至10℃和15℃时,龙虎斑全部死亡;水温从30℃开始渐变,下降幅度为1℃/d,当下降至24℃时摄食减少,13℃时停止摄食,下降至11℃时出现死亡。龙虎斑在盐度为1⁵5的海水中均能存活和摄食,摄食适宜海水盐度为455的海水中均能存活和摄食,摄食适宜海水盐度为4⁴5;盐度从30骤变至5、10、15、20、25、35、40、45、50、55等盐度时,龙虎斑100%存活,骤变至0时,4 h内存活率100%,16 h存活率55.5%;盐度从30渐变,每天降低2,降至6后,每天降低1,盐度降到1时,龙虎斑的活动和摄食明显减少,渐变至0时,36 h出现死亡,48 h内全部死亡。     

生物灭绝与人类存亡

近代由于气候的变暖,工业化进程的加快,人口的激增,森林的过度砍伐,草场的超载过牧,化学制品的滥用,环境的污染,生态环境遭到了严重破坏,生物物种灭绝速度较单纯自然状态下的速度要快1000倍。生物物种灭绝对人类生产、生活,甚至对人类生存都构成巨大的威胁。因此,应对气候变化,保护生物多样性,防止物种灭绝,已成为全球性的紧迫任务;中国是世界生物物种资源最丰富的国家之一。中国生物多样性形势总体严峻。中国政府高度重视生物多样性保护工作,先后颁布一系列法律法规,已收到巨大成效;保护生物多样性确保世界粮食安全,是全球人民的普遍愿望。生物灭绝关系人类存亡。人类要秉承天人合一的理念,与大自然和谐相处。     

Food web structure within kelp holdfasts (Laminaria): a stable isotope study

Kelp holdfasts are highly reticulated structures which host a large diversity of small fauna. These microhabitats have been reported to play a crucial role in the biodiversity associated to kelp forest ecosystems. This study aimed at identifying trophic links and the main food sources sustaining food webs within communities associated with kelp holdfasts, through a stable isotope (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) approach. Sampling of the main invertebrates inhabiting Laminaria digitata holdfasts, and of their potential food sources, took place in February and May 2007. Stable isotope results reveal that most of the primary consumers, including filter-feeders and deposit-feeders, rely on the particulate organic matter sedimented within kelp holdfasts. Only three grazers departed from this general pattern. The correspondence between the stable isotope ratios of predators and sediment consumers indicated that this source is at the base of the main pathway through which energy and matter transit in the food web. δ¹⁵N ranges found for consumers revealed that the food web associated with kelp holdfasts is composed of 3.5 levels. In spite of the low diversity of food sources at the base of the food web, these microhabitats can therefore be considered micro-scale ecosystems, from a functional perspective.     

海洋浮游微食物网生物在海洋颗粒形成和沉降中的作用

海洋中存在着大量的颗粒,包括大型聚合颗粒（即海雪,粒径>500μm）、小型聚合颗粒（1~500μm）和亚微米颗粒粒径（<1μm）等。颗粒在海水中营造了不同于纯海水的小生境,其中生活着与自然海水中不同的生物。异养细菌、蓝细菌、真核藻类、鞭毛虫、纤毛虫等微食物网生物可以黏附在海洋颗粒上,或生活在颗粒内部,其丰度高于周围水体中的自由生活生物,这可能是由于颗粒提供了更适宜生长的营养环境。本文综述了海洋浮游微食物网生物在海洋颗粒形成和沉降中的作用。微食物网生物在颗粒物的形成过程中起到很重要的作用,它们可以直接促进颗粒形成,也可以彼此结合成颗粒,或微型浮游动物排粪形成颗粒。微食物网生物还可以对颗粒进行转化,影响颗粒的大小、沉降速度、或对颗粒及其黏附生物进行摄食。微食物网生物由于本身较小,沉降较慢,但这些生物和颗粒的结合使得微食物网生物在碳通量中发挥重要的作用。     

南极中山站附近麦氏贼鸥食性研究

对东南极中山站附近麦氏贼鸥巢区和无巢贼鸥群栖地的贼鸥回吐渣团及其他食物残物进行收集、分析和鉴定 ,结果表明 ,本区麦氏贼鸥主要捕食雪　 ,其残物在食物项中的平均出现率为 6 7～ 80 %;同时贼鸥从本区几个考察站觅取人类遗弃的垃圾食物作为其重要的食物补充 ,垃圾食物的平均出现率为 6 .8～ 1 1 .6 %。不同巢区贼鸥对雪　的捕杀量和垃圾的需求差异较大 ,其主要与营巢地域的雪　分布密度以及摄食区的占有与否有关。     

基于粮食安全的区域耕地压力研究——以辽宁省为例

运用最小人均耕地面积及耕地压力指数的概念和计算模型对辽宁省1997—2007年间耕地资源动态变化进行了定量分析,应用灰色系统GM(1.1)预测模型对未来15年耕地压力变化进行了预测,据此提出了耕地利用和保护对策。研究结果表明:辽宁省工业大发展以来,特别是老工业基地的振兴和城市化进程的加快,虽然占用了一些耕地,但耕地压力指数不仅没有加剧,反而呈现下降趋势,主要原因是耕地生产力在不断提高。科技进步以及生态建设的完善是未来减轻耕地压力、保障耕地、人口和粮食可持续发展的重要途径。     

温度和体重对花尾胡椒鲷幼鱼最大摄食量的影响

研究了花尾胡椒鲷幼鱼的最大摄食量与温度和体重的关系。花尾胡椒鲷幼鱼的最大摄食量与体重呈正相关 ,二者的关系为 :Cmax=1 5 95 .3W0 .6 87(Cmax:最大摄食量 ,J/d ;W :体重 ,g)。最大摄食量随温度的变化情况为 :在实验温度为 2 2～ 2 8℃范围内 ,二者呈正相关 ,超过 2 8℃之后呈负相关。最大摄食率与体重的相关关系为 :Rmax=1 5 0 7.6W-0 .313[(Rmax:最大摄食率 ,J/(d·g) ]。采用回归分析 ,建立了由温度和体重预测该种鱼的最大摄食量和最大摄食率的模型 :Cmax=2 86 790e-0 .90 4ln(T3-77.738T2 1985 .185T -16 42 9.710 ) W0 .6 16 　n =1 6 ,r =0 .994Rmax=0 .887e1.2 6 4ln(-T3 78.0 6 1T2 -2 0 0 3.397T 172 36 .5 2 0 ) W-0 .2 83　n =1 6 ,r=0 .978