Comparison of food compositon of clupeid fishes in the Bohai Sea

Analysis of stomach contents of samples of clupeid fishes (Japanese anchovy, half-fin anchovy, zunas' scaled sardine, rednosed glassnose and tapertail anchovy) collected from the catches of a 1982–1984 fishery resource survey showed they are zooplanktonivorous. Similar food groups, such as copepoda. Chaetognatha, Amphipoda and Mysidacea were found in the stomach. Dietary similarity coefficients were studied to evaluate the degree of similarity in the dietary species-pairs. Seasonal variation is discussed. Contribution No.2050 from the Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica.     

非洲粮食问题的时空演化研究

非洲粮食生产与发展面临着诸多的困难与挑战,其粮食问题一直是国际社会关注的热点之一。本文研究的非洲粮食问题主要是指其粮食生产、消费及其自给能力方面存在的问题,从时间与空间视角对非洲粮食此类问题的演化过程和成因进行了初步探讨。时间视角上,考虑到20世纪90年代中期到21世纪初期非洲粮食问题表现较为典型,同时限于相关数据获取因素故,仅研究了1994-2007年,非洲粮食生产量、粮食消费量及生产性粮食缺口量的演化;空间视角上,从整体与区域两个层面,探讨了非洲不同粮食自给类型国家的空间差异及演化。最后提出解决非洲粮食问题的相关对策与建议。     

中国原油进口风险度以及对国内不同区域的影响分析

1993年中国开始从原油输出国变为原油输入国,到2010年,中国的原油进口依赖度高达53%。原油进口来源国的社会经济稳定性、原油运输线路的安全性影响到中国原油进口的安全性。本文根据ITIRI的综合国际贸易投资风险指数和原油运输线路的安全性,设计了中国从其主要原油进口来源国进口原油的风险指数。然后分析了中国各省级行政区对原油进口消费的依赖度,中国六个大区石化工业和八个石油化工基地对进口原油的依赖程度。从而分析了它们对进口原油风险的敏感度。本研究的结论是:第一,中国重要的原油进口来源国比较集中,且集中在社会经济不十分稳定的国家。第二,原油进口风险对沿海地区经济的影响远高于对内陆地区的影响。第三,沪宁杭、琼粤闽和长江中游石化基地是受原油进口风险影响最大的三个基地。根据这些结论,本文提出两方面建议:第一,建议中国原油进口来源与运输方式尽量多元化,以规避风险。第二,中国原油战略储备基地应考虑对原油进口风险敏感度大的地区。     

The preservation potential of ash layers in the deep‐sea: the example of the 1991‐Pinatubo ash in the South China Sea

Following the eruption of Mount Pinatubo on 15 June 1991, volcanic ash was transported westward to the South China Sea in an atmospheric plume, falling out and settling to the sea floor within days and forming an up to 10 cm thick layer on an area >400 000 km². Immediately after deposition, surviving deep‐burrowing animals re‐opened their connection to the sea floor to obtain water for respiration and/or food take‐up. Later, small‐sized meiofauna and then macrofauna re‐colonized the sea floor, mixing newly deposited organic fluff with the underlying ash. Consequently, ash deposits thinner than 1 mm have not often been observed as a continuous layer when cored six years after the eruption, while ash about 2 mm thick is now patchily bioturbated. In areas covered by ash thicker than 5 mm, mixing by benthic animals is controlled mainly by the adaptation of the burrowing fauna to variations in grain‐size, the rate of background sedimentation, the availability of benthic food on and within the sediment and pore water oxygen levels. With respect to these factors, four provinces can be distinguished: (i) Along the Philippines margin run‐off from land fuels primary production that, in turn, leads to a high benthic food content. The benthic fauna is adapted to a variable grain‐size and rapid sedimentation. Therefore, mixing is intense and the preservation potential of the ash layer is low. (ii) In areas affected by deposition of hyperpycnites and turbidites, i.e. in canyons in front of river mouths and in the Manila Trench, the ash layer is preserved due to rapid burial. (iii) The area to the west to about 116° E receives low amounts of benthic food, benthic mixing is less intense and the preservation potential of the ash is high. (iv) The central South China Sea, where the ash is thinner than 3 cm, is affected by intense wind mixing and upwelling and the benthic food content is high; thus, the chance that the ash will be preserved as a sharp‐based layer is low. Consequently, the style of ash preservation has palaeo‐environmental significance. Older buried and burrowed event layers provide further information to elucidate the fate of the 1991 Pinatubo ash layer; in general their appearance fits with observations in the Recent.     

大连湾牡蛎人工育苗技术参数的研究

本文提示了大连率湾牡蛎人工育苗中的几个重要技术参数的最适水平。其适宜孵化温度为２０－２３℃，孵化密度为５０－７５ｅｇｇｓ／ｍｌ，幼虫培育密度为４－８ｉｎｄ／ｍｌ，幼虫以小球藻和湛江叉鞭金藻混合喂养的生长情况最佳。     

Temporal-spatial Distribution of Suitable Areas for Major Food Crops in China Over 60 Years

Simulating the temporal-spatial distribution of areas suitable for crops is an important part of analyzing the effects of climate change on crop growth, reducing the vulnerability of crop growth, and assessing the adaptability of crop growth to climate change. This study selected climate factors that affect the growth of wheat, maize and rice, and it combined surface soil and ground elevation factors as environment variables, as well as data from agricultural observation stations as species variables. The MaxEnt ecological model was used to identify suitable areas for these three crops during the period of 1953-2012. The areas suitable for the three crops were analyzed to determine the temporal-spatial distribution of major food crops and to estimate the difference in crop growth adaptability under climate change. The results showed the following: \mathrm{①} The response to climate change of the areas suitable for food crops could be ranked from strongest to weakest as follows: wheat, rice, and maize. \mathrm{②} On the same space-time scale, for the growth of wheat and rice, the southern agricultural regions, mountainous areas and plateaus were relatively unsuitable for a wider variety of crops than the northern agricultural regions, plains and basins. \mathrm{③} The adaptability of wheat increased in the major agricultural regions slightly. The adaptability of maize increased in the northern agricultural regions and decreased in the southern agricultural regions, respectively. The adaptability of rice was stable in the southern agricultural regions, and it decreased in the Huang-Huai-Hai region and increased in the northeastern region. \mathrm{④} Over 60 years, the ability of the major food crops to adapt to climate change increased in the northeast region, Gansu-Xinjiang region, Southwest region and Loess Plateau region, but the adaptability of major food crops decreased in the Huang-Huai-Hai region and the Mid-and-Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River. \mathrm{⑤} The suitable areas of maize and rice were significantly correlated with planting areas and yields, respectively, which provided feasibility for simulating the distribution of suitable areas on maize and rice in different climate scenarios in the future. The suitable area of wheat is not significantly related to the planting area and yield. In the future, we will take more factors to model the suitable area of wheat accurately.     

青藏高原"一江两河"农区居民食物消费结构与特征

居民食物消费受自然地理环境、城镇化等因素影响,同时通过市场机制影响区域粮食安全和农牧业发展。以西藏“一江两河”地区为例,基于分层抽样,通过2019年实地入户调研,获取了262户农村居民上年度食物消费数据,对青藏高原农区居民的食物消费结构及其影响因素进行分析。结果表明：① 样本内居民的植物性食物的消费量是动物性食物的3.19倍,植物性食物以蔬菜和粮食为主,动物性食物以肉类和牛奶为主;青稞及青稞酒在藏民饮食中占有重要地位。② 居民食物消费规模和结构与食物自给率指标密切相关,自给自足特征显著。③ 不同地区、家庭规模、务工规模、收入水平以及家庭年龄之间,居民的家庭食物消费结构均有所差异,且不同家庭之间面粉和水果的消费差异最显著。④ 区域差异、家庭规模类型和家庭务工规模是影响样本农区居民食物消费综合差异的主要因素。结果可为青藏高原地区居民食物消费结构改善、膳食营养提升以及农牧业转型发展提供科学基础和决策借鉴。     

地方小吃空间扩散格局与模式——基于中国四大知名地方小吃POI数据的研究

以中国四大知名地方小吃门店兴趣点（POI）大数据为主要数据源,基于密度、距离与加权平均中心方法分析地方小吃空间集聚与扩散格局,采用空间自相关、聚类和异常值分析以及热点分析方法研究地方小吃空间集聚关联特征以及空间扩散模式。结果表明：① 地方小吃在不同尺度上的空间扩散格局存在显著差异,东部地区和中西部省会城市是地方小吃的主要集聚地;② 地方小吃的空间集聚表现出自相关特征,邻域扩散、等级扩散和跳跃式扩散等扩散模式相互融合;③ 地方小吃空间扩散的冷热点集聚区分异明显,反映出不同小吃认可群体范围的差异以及中国各地饮食习惯的空间分异;④ 饮食文化扩散与人口迁移扩散具有空间重合性,经济发展水平较高、人口净流入地区对不同饮食文化的包容性较强。     

旅游地饮食符号经济：地方符号营造与路径依赖

饮食符号是旅游目的地符号系统的重要组成部分,以地方特色饮食为基础的旅游餐饮也是旅游地的重要经济活动。文章以阳朔啤酒鱼为例,分析旅游地饮食符号经济的特点与形成机制。研究发现,1）旅游地饮食符号的形成既是对地方特色的营销与建构,也是特定饮食产品生产与消费集聚的路径依赖结果。2）从饮食生产的角度,就地取材、利润高、制作工艺简单等特点使啤酒鱼餐饮能够大规模、低成本地发展;从饮食消费的角度,啤酒鱼既具有地方特色又能够被大众口味所接受,同时满足游客的符号性和支持性的餐饮体验。3）消费性服务业的集聚能够营造良好的氛围并产生累积吸引力,使得啤酒鱼的营销成本更低、销量更高,从而形成正反馈机制。