Atmospheric, oceanic and hydrological contributions to seasonal variations in length of day

 The annual and semiannual residuals derived in the axial angular momentum budget of the solid Earth–atmosphere system reflect significant signals. They must be caused by further excitation sources. Since, in particular, the contribution for the wind term from the atmospheric layer between the 10 and 0.3 hPa levels to the seasonal variations in length of day (LOD) is still missing, it is necessary to extend the top level into the upper stratosphere up to 0.3 hPa. Under the conservation of the total angular momentum of the entire Earth, variations in the oceanic angular momentum (OAM) and the hydrological angular momentum (HAM) are further significant excitation sources at seasonal time scales. Focusing on other contributions to the Earth's axial angular momentum budget, the following data are used in this study: axial atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) data derived for the 10–0.3 hPa layer from 1991 to 1997 for computing the missing wind effects; axial OAM functions as generated by oceanic general circulation models (GCMs), namely for the ECHAM3 and the MICOM models, available from 1975 to 1994 and from 1992 to 1994, respectively, for computing the oceanic contributions to LOD changes, and, concerning the HAM variations, the seasonal estimates of the hydrological contribution as derived by Chao and O'Connor [(1988) Geophys J 94: 263–270]. Using vector representation, it is shown that the vectors achieve a close balance in the global axial angular momentum budget within the estimated uncertainties of the momentum quantities on seasonal time scales. Received: 6 April 2000 / Accepted: 13 December 2000     

中国数字地震台网（CDSN）数据文件系统：—CDSN应用系列论文一

中国数字地震台网(CDSN)观测并生成的数字地震资料是开展数字地震学研究必不可少的高质量数据源。为了使科学家们更好地使用这些数据,本文主要从数字地震资料产生出的各个环节、数据结构与格式、数据物理量之间的换算向读者作概括的介绍.希望读者对数字化地震资料的数据文件、数据记录、数据字均能有透彻的理解,从而节省时间和精力,提高资料的使用率。     

1961-2009年新疆伊犁地区暴雨日数时空变化特征

根据1961-2009年伊犁地区10个自动站逐日降水资料,采用线性趋势、累积距平、M-K 突变检验、以及周期分析等方法,分析近 49 a暴雨日数的年代际、年际、月、旬、空间的变化规律及其周期变化,并对该地区近 49 a暴雨日数进行突变检验。结果表明：近49 a来伊犁地区的暴雨日数呈上升趋势,其线性倾向率为0.107 d/10 a;暴雨主要发生在5-7月,约占总数的73.2 %,其中6月最多,7月次之;暴雨异常偏少年为1995年,暴雨异常偏多年为1996、1999、2002、2003和2007年;暴雨日数由西向东、由北向南均呈逐渐增加趋势;暴雨日数发生频次存在显著2.8 a左右年际变化周期。     

乌鲁木齐逐月气温资料均一化检验和订正

选用1951-2008年乌鲁木齐市气象站逐月最高、最低及平均气温资料,用标准正态检验（SNHT）方法对逐月气温资料序列进行均一化检验,并选用差值法对因迁站引起的断点资料进行订正,检验结果显示,月气温序列断点所在的年份与年序列中检验出的断点基本相对应,即气温资料均在迁站距离较远的1975年产生了断点;各月的检验结果存在一定的差异,5-9月气温较高的月份资料受迁站的影响较大,而且产生了断点,并通过了0.05的显著性水平。用不同的权重比例对月序列进行订正,并选择累积距平方法对5-9月气温序列订正前后的变化趋势作了比较分析,发现订正前后趋势确有较显著的变化。     

Present-day climatology and projected changes of warm and cold days in the CNRM-CM3 global climate model

The impact of global warming on the warmest and coldest days of the annual cycle is explored according to an A2 scenario simulated by the CNRM-CM3 climate model in the framework of the IPCC AR4 intercomparison. Given the multi-model spread in IPCC projections, a validation strategy is proposed using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. Validation of the late twentieth century model climatology shows that warm and cold model events are slightly too long and infrequent. Although interannual trends in the warm (cold) day occurrence were positive (negative) only for six (three) of the nine considered sub-continental regions, simulated model trends are always positive (negative). This different behaviour suggests that simulated non-anthropogenic decadal variability is small relative to anthropogenic trends. Large-scale synoptic processes associated with European regional warm and cold peaks are also described and validated. Regional cold peaks are better reproduced than warm peaks, whose intensity accuracy is limited by other physical variables. Positive (negative) winter anomalies of sea and land surface temperature lead to summers with severe (weak) temperatures. These inter-annual anomalies are generated by a persistent pressure dipole over Europe. Regarding climate change, warm (cold) events will become more (less) frequent and longer (shorter). The number of warm days will largely rise and the number of cold days will dramatically decrease. The intensity of warm days will be particularly pronounced over Europe, given the projected summer drying in this region. However, according to the limited skill of the CNRM model, these results must be considered with caution.     

用降水量和无雨日数判别广州季节性干旱的对比分析

利用广州市1951-2006年实测日降水量资料,通过统计方法对使用降水量和无雨日数判别广州季节性干旱情况作对比分析。结果发现,各季降水量和无雨日数序列之间都存在显著的反相变化关系,以冬季最显著、夏季最差;对日雨量较大的季节如春、夏季,用无雨日数判别季节干旱现象要比降水量更合适些,而对其它季节则2种指标无明显差别。     

Aerosol characteristics during winter fog at Agra,North India

Simultaneous measurements on physical, chemical and optical properties of aerosols over a tropical semi-arid location, Agra in north India, were undertaken during December 2004. The average concentration of total suspended particulates (TSP) increased by about 1.4 times during intense foggy/hazy days. Concentrations of SO₄ ²⁻, NO₃ ⁻, NH₄ ⁺ and Black Carbon (BC) aerosols increased by 4, 2, 3.5 and 1.7 times, respectively during that period. Aerosols were acidic during intense foggy/hazy days but the fog water showed alkaline nature, mainly due to the neutralizing capacity of NH₄ aerosols. Trajectory analyses showed that air masses were predominantly from NW direction, which might be responsible for transport of BC from distant and surrounding local sources. Diurnal variation of BC on all days showed a morning and an evening peak that were related to domestic cooking and vehicular emissions, apart from boundary layer changes. OPAC (Optical properties of aerosols and clouds) model was used to compute the optical properties of aerosols. Both OPAC-derived and observed aerosol optical depth (AOD) values showed spectral variation with high loadings in the short wavelengths (<1 μm). AOD value at 0.5 μm wavelength was significantly high during intense foggy/hazy days (1.22) than during clear sky or less foggy/hazy days (0.63). OPAC-derived Single scattering albedo (SSA) was 0.84 during the observational period, indicating significant contribution of absorbing aerosols. However, the BC mass fraction to TSP increased by only 1% during intense foggy/hazy days and thereby did not show any impact on SSA during that period. A large increase was observed in the shortwave (SW) atmospheric (ATM) forcing during intense foggy/hazy days (+75.8 W/m²) than that during clear sky or less foggy/hazy days (+38 W/m²), mainly due to increase in absorbing aerosols. Whereas SW forcing at surface (SUF) increased from −40 W/m² during clear sky or less foggy/hazy days to −76 W/m² during intense foggy/hazy days, mainly due to the scattering aerosols like SO₄ ^2-.