三维激光扫描点云混合像素的自动识别方法

混合像素的存在会给点云后续处理与应用带来干扰,针对如何在原始扫描点云中自动识别混合像素的问题,从扫描仪的工作原理着手分析了混合像素的形成条件,结合扫描仪的内部光电转换机制与真实扫描数据论证混合像素的测距误差分布规律,据此设计混合像素的自动探测方法。利用真实原始扫描数据进行实验,结果证明,文中方法能够准确地识别出点云中的混合像素。     

多种方法综合测定河北昌黎ML4.5地震震源深度

利用CAP、TDMT、sPL深度震相等3种方法测定河北昌黎M_L4.5地震震源深度,利用CAP方法反演得到该地震的震源机制解,拟合得到最佳震源深度为4.5 km;利用TDMT方法反演得到拟合震源深度范围为5~6 km;在震中距20~80 km范围内的台站波形数据中,CHL、BDH两个台站识别到sPL震相,基于震源机制解,计算1~16 km深度范围对应的理论波形图,与观测波形比对后得到震源深度为5 km。结果显示,3种方法的深度研究结果基本一致,结合震源尺度以及昌黎M_L3.9地震CAP、sPL计算结果认为,昌黎M_L4.5地震的震源深度应为4~6 km。     

用P波初动资料确定地震震源机制教程(一)

简要叙述运用P波初动资料确定地震震源机制(断层面解)的原理与方法,并以图解法为例,详细阐述相关的物理概念及求地震震源机制解的具体步骤,以适应具有不同专业背景(例如:地震学、地球物理学、地质学、大地测量学、工程地震学、灾害科学、管理科学)的不同读者(例如:学生、教师、管理人员)的不同需求(例如:了解、学习、应用).     

基于埋深变化的川南龙马溪组页岩孔隙特征及控制因素分析

[研究目的]中国浅层-中深层页岩气勘探开发技术已经趋于成熟,深层页岩成为下一步勘探开发的重点,探明不同埋深条件下页岩的孔隙特征及其控制因素利于推动深层页岩的评优选区工作.[研究方法]本文基于核磁共振、场发射扫描电镜和X-射线衍射等实验分析手段,对比性评价了川南地区不同深度的龙马溪组页岩孔隙度、孔隙结构参数特征并进行影响...     

海翼水下滑翔机测流应用

水下滑翔机其通过集成生物、化学、物理传感器可以测量如温度、盐度、溶解氧等多种海洋基础水文要素,其利用卫星定位系统获得实际出水速度和理论出水模型获得理论出水速度之差可以计算深度平均流,。本文利用海翼水下滑翔机获得温盐场及卫星定位数据评估深度平均流,结果显示利用温盐场获得深度平均地转流与水下滑翔机获得深度平均流相关系数0.95,表明其流场的一致性,同时根据船载观测ADCP误差分析法估算深度平均流误差约为0.036 m/s。借助深度平均流可以估算绝对地转流,包括正压地转流和斜压地转流。在零动力面的假设下,我们选取了海翼号水下滑翔机在南海的一组实验对流量误差进行了评估。该实验为2019年1月3日-2月16日海翼号水下滑翔机自南向北穿越西沙群岛附近一个中尺度涡观测。观测结果表明,该中尺度涡为冷涡流核,在涡心以南,绝对地转流为东向流,最大流速约为0.48 m/s;涡心以北,绝对地转流为西向流,最大流速约为0.47 m/s,稍弱于南侧。受不均匀时空观测计划影响,本文未对流量做出估计。     

Imag(in)ing the continental lithosphere

This paper is primarily concerned with seismically imaging details in the mantle at an intermediate scale length between the large scales of regional and global tomography and the small scales of reflection profiles and outcrops. This range is roughly 0.1–1 km < a < 10–10² km, where a is the scale. We consider the implications of several models for mantle evolution in a convecting mantle, and possible scales present in the non-convecting tectosphere. Reflection seismic evidence shows that the structures preserved from continental accretion within and at the margins of the Archean cratons are subduction related, and we use subduction as an analog for scales left by past events. In modern orogenic belts we expect to find subduction structures, small scale upper mantle convection structures, and basalt extraction structures. We examine some of the scales that are likely formed by orogenic processes.We also examine the seismic velocity and density contrasts expected between various upper mantle constituents, including fertile upper mantle, depleted upper mantle, normal and eclogitized oceanic crust, and fertile mantle with and without partial melt. This leads directly to predicting the size of seismic signals that can be produced by specular conversion, and scattering from layers and objects with these contrasts.We introduce an imaging scheme that makes use of scattered waves in teleseismic receiver functions to make a depth migrated image of a pseudo-scattering coefficient. Image resolution is theoretically at least an order of magnitude better than traveltime tomography. We apply the imaging scheme to three data sets from 1) the Kaapvaal craton, 2) the Cheyenne Belt, a Paleoproterozoic suture between a protocontinent and an island arc, and 3) the Jemez Lineament, a series of aligned modern volcanic structures at the site of a Proterozoic suture zone. The Kaapvaal image, although not defining a unique base of the tectosphere, shows complicated “layered” events in the region defined as the base of the tectosphere in tomography images. The image of the transition zone discontinuities beneath the Kaapvaal craton is remarkable for clarity. The migrated receiver function image of the upper mantle beneath the Cheyenne belt is complicated, more so than the tomography image, and may indicate limitations in the receiver function imaging system. In contrast the Jemez Lineament image shows large-amplitude negative-polarity layered events beneath the Moho to depths of 120 km, that we interpret as melt-containing sills in the upper mantle. These sills presumably feed the Quaternary–Neogene regional basaltic volcanic field.     

浙江省空气质量与大气自净能力的特征分析

利用最新的高时空分辨率ERA-Interim探空和地面资料,计算分析了1979—2015年浙江省大气输送和自净能力的时空分布变化特征,结合环保局空气质量监测数据探讨了浙江省空气质量与大气自净能力的关系,结果表明:大气自净能力在春、夏季表现出沿海地区小,内陆地区大的分布;到了秋、冬季,沿海地区大气自净能力增大,内陆地区则减小;研究时段内全省平均大气自净能力有增大趋势。表征低层输送能力的10 m风速在秋、冬季最大,夏季最小,随时间略有减小,这是浙江省空气污染加剧的可能原因之一;10 m风速的分布基本呈从东部沿海地区往西部山区逐渐减小的变化趋势,秋、冬季风速略大,以偏北风为主。浙江省大部分地区冬季大气自净能力最差,盛行的偏北风又容易将北方污染物带下来,因此冬季是浙江省最易发生空气污染的时段。当风速较小,风向转为偏西北风时,污染物从北方输入并且积累,最易出现较严重的污染天气。中度及以上的空气污染主要发生在杭嘉湖、宁波、绍兴、金华这些经济发达的地区,沿海地区的舟山、温州、台州由于大气输送条件好发生站次很少。丽水和衢州山区海拔高,加之本地工业经济发展较弱,空气污染发生的频次较少。     

季节性积雪区不同遮挡条件下深霜发育比较

以中国科学院天山积雪雪崩研究站为研究区,在2009～2010年冬季观测期利用体视显微镜(XTZ-E)及拍照设备和雪特性分析仪(Snow Fork),对3种遮挡条件的开阔地(0遮挡)、树缘(50%遮挡)和树下(90%遮挡)的积雪深霜进行连续观测,比较和分析西北季节性积雪区不同遮挡条件下的深霜发育特征。研究表明:1)深霜发育主要受温度制约,其次是温度梯度。由不同遮挡条件引起积雪累积和太阳辐射差异而导致雪深不同,从而形成的温度环境差异,是深霜发育差异的根本原因。2)深霜发育厚度与雪深呈正相关关系,有开阔地(0遮挡)>树缘(50%遮挡)>树下(90%遮挡),融雪期深霜的消减速率为树下>开阔地>树缘。3)深霜冰晶粒径呈先减小(稳定累积期-过渡期)再增大(-融雪期)的变化,积雪稳定累积期后,深霜粒径开阔地>树缘>树下。4)2009～2010年冬季雪深大,因而圆角深霜(DHxr)和圆角刻面冰晶(FCxr)在深霜中发育最多,二者共占70%～80%。开阔地易发育杯型深霜(DHcp),树缘和树下则易发育柱状条纹深霜(DHla)、棱柱状深霜(DHpr)和刻面冰晶(FCso)。深霜中胶结态冰晶约占10%～30%,其比例在开阔地深霜中递减,而在树缘和树下处递增。     

Investigation of water signatures at gully-exposed sites on Mars by hyperspectral image analysis

High-resolution images from the Mars Obiter Camera (MOC) onboard the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) show a variety of gully features on sloped surfaces of Mars. The mechanism of gully formation is still under debate, although a majority of studies tend to favor a mechanism related to liquid water flow based on geomorphology and fluid mechanics considerations. In this study, we examined four known gully sites using Visible and Infrared Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer (OMEGA) imagery. In particular, we analyzed the absorption depths of the water-associated absorption bands and concluded that there are stronger water signatures at the gully-exposed sites than in the surrounding areas. This implies that the water signatures, most likely representing water ice, isolated water molecules, and/or hydroxyl molecules incorporated into minerals, are still present in the shallow unconsolidated soils. This study provides additional evidence that water was likely involved in the formation of the gully features and is still locally active on the Martian surface in the present time.     

Lidar depolarization measurements for aerosol source and property studies over Chungli (24.58° N, 121.1° E)

Aerosol depolarization ratio and aerosol optical depth (AOD) were measured at Chungli (24.58° N, 121.1° E), Taiwan during the period from 2002–2004. The depolarization ratios of background aerosol have values mostly less than 0.06. The maximum AOD in the altitude range of 0.7 to 2km occurs in the summer (June–August) while between 2 and 5km, the spring (March–May) shows the maximum. The former is mainly related to strong convection and humidity; however the latter is due to anthropogenic aerosols transported from East China and Southeast Asia based on calculations of backward trajectories. This seasonal variation of AOD inferred from different transport mechanisms and aerosol compositions which are supported by the height distributions of aerosol extinction and origins.