Diurnal freeze–thaw depth in rockwalls: Field measurements and theoretical considerations

Rock temperatures were monitored for a year at two alpine rockwalls in the Akaishi Range, Japan, where permafrost is absent. Diurnal frost and thaw penetration depths were evaluated from subsurface isotherms drawn on the basis of the temperature records at 0, 10 and 40 cm depths. The surface of the rockwalls experienced more than 100 diurnal freeze-thaw cycles, most of which accompanied a frost or thaw penetration shallower than 50 cm, and several long duration cycles with deeper frost or thaw penetration. Theoretical frost and thaw depths were also calculated by incorporating the surface freezing indices into the modified Berggren equation, the results from which were then compared with the actual values. The modified Berggren equation provided values that showed a strong correlation with observed depths, despite somewhat underestimating the actual values. Using the modified Berggren equation, the seasonal frost depth in the observed winter was estimated to be about 4·5 m. The frost and thaw depths are considered to give the maximum estimation of the depth to which frost-induced cracking can propagate in the bedrock.     

三维多值走时地震波场重建及格林函数计算

针对三维复杂介质地震波传播数值计算中出现的多值走时情况,阐述了地震波场重建及格林函数计算中的困难,提出一种在相空间拉格朗日流形上的波场重建及格林函数计算方法．本文算法应用于三维叠前深度偏移处理流程时,可高效地获得均匀网格点上地震波多值走时及振幅的数值计算结果．文中还阐明两类数值计算过程判据,以在多值走时区域及计算的全区域中,控制射线追踪过程中的射线密度及格林函数计算精度．算例验证了本文方法的有效性．     

Focal mechanisms of intraplate earthquakes in Bolivia,South America

Intraplate seismic activity in Bolivia is mainly located in the central region (16°–19°S, 63°–67°W) which includes the East Andean Cordillera and the Sub-Andean Sierras. At this region there is a bend in the trend of the main geological structures from NW-SE in the north to N-S in the south. Focal mechanisms have been calculated for 10 earthquakes of magnitudes 4.9–5.6, using first motionP-waves from long period instruments. Their solutions correspond to reverse faulting, some with a large component of strike-slip motion. Their solutions can be grouped into two types; one with pure reverse faulting on planes with azimuth NW-SE and the other with a large strike-slip component on planes with azimuths nearly N-S or WNW-ESE. The maximum stress axis (P-axis) is practically horizontal (dipping less than 5°) oriented in a mean N56°E direction. This orientation may be related with the direction of compression resulting from the collision of the Nazca plate against the western margin of the South American continent. Wave-form analysis of long-periodP-waves for one event restricts the focal depth to 8 km in the Sub-Andean region. Seismic moments and source dimensions determined from spectra of Rayleigh waves are in the range of 10¹⁶–10¹⁷Nm and 17–24 km, respectively. The Central Bolivia region can be considered as a zone of intraplate deformation situated between the Bolivian Altiplano and the Brazil shield.     

湖北省暴雨洪涝致灾指标研究

使用气象、水文观测以及灾情调查和地理信息等资料,基于GIS暴雨洪涝淹没模型,对2016年7月19—20日汉北河流域强降水造成的洪涝淹没状况进行模拟,利用气象灾情采集系统APP以及民政、电力部门的相关灾情资料对其模拟精度进行检验。结果表明:模拟的主要淹没区出现在汉北河流域上、中段(荆门、天门)河道附近及地势低洼地,其淹没水深多为0~2 m,随着洪水增强,低水深区间淹没范围减小,高水深区间淹没范围增大,其中荆门地区1 m以上水深淹没范围增大较快;与实况相比,模拟的灾情点位的匹配率为84%~100%,模拟水深的绝对误差为0.0~0.9 m,洪水淹没地点和水深模拟与实况基本吻合。

     

中国地区气溶胶气候效应研究进展

在过去的20多年里,中外对硫酸盐气溶胶做了大量的研究,对它在大气中的排放、含量、光学特征和辐射强迫有了深入的认识;由于硝酸盐气溶胶在大气中平均含量比硫酸盐低很多,因此过去人们对硝酸盐的研究没有给予重视。然而,近年来的研究表明,硝酸盐气溶胶的散射性质在某些波段甚至强于硫酸盐;同时,由于未来对人为硫酸盐前体物的减排,硫酸盐气溶胶排放会大幅度减少,而硝酸盐气溶胶的排放却增长迅速,其在人为气溶胶中所占的比重越来越高,将会导致其在未来造成的辐射强迫有可能超过硫酸盐,使得其在地区范围内和季节尺度上成为重要的辐射强迫和气候影响因子。中国是硝酸盐气溶胶排放量较大的地区,硝酸盐对未来中国气候和气候变化的影响显得越来越重要。因此,就近年来有关硝酸盐气溶胶的排放和在大气中的浓度变化、光学厚度分布特征及其辐射强迫的研究进展做了回顾和介绍,并对其未来的研究做了展望。     

伪谱法在隧道超前预测资料处理中的研究与应用

利用地震波在不同介质中的传播特性,采用伪普法对隧道掌子面的地震波记录进行处理与分析。研究结果表明逆时深度偏移计算获得的偏移剖面能够较为准确的分辨出掌子面前方构造面的分布位置,为提前预报掌子面前方的不良地质情况,确保隧道工程的合理安全开挖提供了依据。     

用接收函数方法研究中国及邻区上地幔间断面的埋藏深度

使用中国及邻区的18个数字化地震台的宽频带三分向远震记录图,筛选计算得到了263条径向接收函数,并拾取了在41Okm和660km间断面上的透射转换震相P4S、P660S与P波的到时差.通过调整各台站之下的速度模型中这两个间断面的深度,使理论接收函数的P4S、P660S与P波的到时差与观测值相符,最终确定这两个间断面的实际埋藏深度.结果表明,各台站之下4km间断面的平均深度为403km,具有明显的横向不均匀性和区域性,其中北京台、西安台、兰州台和恩施台等的埋藏深度较浅,琼中台、CHTO等台较深.660km间断面的平均埋藏深度为663km,也存在明显的横向不均匀性,其中牡丹江台和MAJO台的较深,琼中台和HYB台的较浅.     

A new analytical solution estimating the flexural rigidity in the Central Andes

We present a new 2-D analytical solution of the fourth-order differential equation, which describes the flexure of a thin elastic plate.
The new analytical solution allows the differential equation for an elastic plate to be solved for any irregular shaped topography with a high spatial resolution. We apply the new method to the Central Andes. The flexural rigidity distribution calculated by this technique correlates well with tectonic units and the location of fault zones, for example, the Central Andean Gravity High correlates with the presence of a rigid, high-density body.     

GNSS-R土壤水分遥感的适宜性分析

利用GNSS-R(Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry)技术探测土壤水分是近年来一个新兴的研究方向。目前GNSS-R遥感观测中反射信号的接收与处理方式包括单天线与多天线两种模式,面向实际应用需求,GNSS-R遥感正在实现从最初的地基观测向空基、星载观测的转变。在推进GNSS-R土壤水分遥感技术业务化应用的过程中,必须首先进行适宜性分析,确定该技术探测的地理位置、空间分辨率与探测深度,然而目前对此尚未有系统、全面、定量的论述。本文针对适宜性分析中的3个关键因子分别进行理论分析与公式推导,明确相关概念的定义,并实现定量化描述,最终通过实际应用分析进一步诠释其应用价值。对于单天线模式地基观测,以美国板块边界观测计划PBO(Plate Boundary Observatory)土壤水分产品为例,分析镜面反射点的相对位置、第一级Fresnel反射椭圆簇的面积与时间序列土壤水分所代表的探测深度;对于多天线模式,以郑州上街区农田空基观测试验为例,得到基于航迹的栅格土壤水分空间分布并探讨其探测深度。本文能够为未来两种观测模式下地基、空基和星载GNSS-R遥感观测、北斗反射信号遥感,以及GNSS-R在农业、水文、生态等领域的实际应用提供理论指导。