汶川8.0级地震前龙门山断裂带的地震活动性和构造应力场特征

研究了2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震前龙门山断裂带及其附近地区的地震活动.利用区域地震台网和流动测震台的数字地震波资料,测定了震源机制解.结果表明,震中所在的龙门山断裂带震前地震活动平稳,未出现显著异常增强或平静现象.根据汶川8.0级地震前地震活动求出的震源机制解,其主压应力P轴方位为WNE——ESE向,震源断层面呈NE向与NW 向两组节面走向.其中NE向节面呈N50deg;——70deg;E,断面倾角均陡,达60deg;——70deg;,震源力学作用方式多呈逆倾型,少部分呈走滑型．震前地震活动呈现的主压应力方位、震源断面走向及其错动类型,与汶川8.0级地震给出的解是一致的.巨大地震发生前沿龙门山断裂带微破裂呈现的平均应力场与主震一致．起始破裂区东侧20km内是紫坪铺水库水域区,这一区域发生小震活动增加的现象处于水库放水的卸载阶段.本文研究了汶川8.0级地震起始破裂区附近的小震活动,其震源参数表明,震源位于8.0级地震之上的5——14km深度,其震源参数与8.0级地震给出的解也是一致的．      

Secondary phase validation—Phase classification by polarization

A long-standing problem in operational seismology is that of reliable focal depth estimation. Standard analyst practice is to pick and identify a ‘phase’ in the P-coda. This picking will always produce a depth estimate but without any validation it cannot be trusted. In this article we ‘hunt’ for standard depth phases like pP, sP and/or PmP but unlike the analyst we use Bayes statistics for classifying the probability that polarization characteristics of pickings belong to one of the mentioned depth phases given preliminary epicenter information. In this regard we describe a general-purpose PC implementation of the Bayesian methodology that can deal with complex nonlinear models in a flexible way. The models are represented by a data-flow diagram that may be manipulated by the analyst through a graphical-programming environment. An analytic signal representation is used with the imaginary part being the Hilbert transform of the signal itself. The pickings are in terms of a plot of posterior probabilities as a function of time for pP, Sp or PmP being within the presumed azimuth and incident angle sectors for given preliminary epicenter locations. We have tested this novel focal depth estimation procedure on explosion and earthquake recordings from Cossack Ranger II stations in Karelia, NW Russia, and with encouraging results. For example, pickings deviating more than 5° off ‘true’ azimuth are rejected while Pn-incident angle estimate exhibit considerable scatter. A comprehensive test of our approach is not quite easy as recordings from so-called Ground Truth events are elusive.     

Curie point depth from spectral analysis of aeromagnetic data from Cerro Prieto geothermal area,Baja California,México

Using aeromagnetic data acquired in the area from the Cerro Prieto geothermal field, we estimated the depth to the Curie point isotherm, interpreted as the base of the magnetic sources, following statistical spectral-based techniques. According to our results the Curie point isotherm is located at a depths ranging from 14 to 17 km. Our result is somewhat deeper than that obtained previously based only in 2-D and 3-D forward modeling of previous low-quality data. However, our results are supported by independent information comprising geothermal gradients, seismicity distribution in the crust, and gravity determined crustal thickness. Our results imply a high thermal gradient (ranging between 33 and 38 °C/km) and high heat flow (of about 100 mW/m²) for the study area. The thermal regime for the area is inferred to be similar to that from the Salton trough.     

顺层高边坡开挖松动区研究

开挖顺层岩石高边坡,往往需要进行预加固,因而合理确定坡体开挖松动区范围便成为核心问题。根据坡体开挖后的应力和位移状态,给出了开挖松动区的明确定义;结合重庆万州-梁平高速公路沿线各顺层高边坡失稳实例,对顺层高边坡开挖松动区进行了研究,简述了松动区的特点,分析了开挖松动区的影响因素。从岩体结构出发,以开挖深度和岩层倾角为主控元素,对顺层高边坡开挖松动区的长度进行了统计分析,结果表明：岩层倾角在15～30°的砂泥岩顺层高边坡最易产生开挖失稳,且松动区长度与开挖深度有关,二者比值较为集中地分布在2～5之间。     

地下水对银川平原植被生长的影响

植被是反映区域性生态环境状况的重要指标之一,而地下水对植被的生长有着重要的影响。结合MODIS-NDVI遥感数据与地下水位观测数据,从大尺度上研究了银川平原地下水与植被的关系,并结合实测的数据,利用最小二乘法拟合出地下水位埋深与NDVI变化率的关系曲线,定量分析了地下水位埋深对植被生长的影响,并对适宜植被生长的地下水位埋深进行了探讨。研究结果表明：地下水位埋深在3 m时,植被长势最好;而适宜植被生长的地下水位埋深范围是1~5 m;当地下水位埋深超过5 m时,地下水位埋深对植被的影响逐渐减弱;当水位埋深超过8 m时,地下水位埋深对植被的生长没有影响。     

Spatial distributions and interannual variations of snow cover over China in the last 40 years

By using the observational snow data of more than 700 weather stations,the interannual temporal and spatial characteristics of seasonal snow cover in China were analyzed.The results show that northern Xinjiang,northeastern China-Inner Mongolia,and the southwestern and southern portions of Tibetan Plateau are three regions in China with high seasonal snow cover and also an interannual anomaly of snow cover.According to the trend of both the snow depth and snow cover days,there are three changing patterns for the seasonal snow cover:The first type is that both snow depth and snow cover days simultaneously increase or decrease;this includes northern Xinjiang,middle and eastern Inner Mongolia,and so on.The second is that snow depth increases but snow cover days decrease;this type mainly locates in the eastern parts of the northeastern plain of China and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.The last type is that snow depth decreases but snow cover days increase at the same time such as that in middle parts of Tibetan Plateau.Snow cover in China appears to have been having a slow increasing trend during the last 40 years.On the decadal scale,snow depth and snow cover days slightly increased in the 1960s and then decreased in the 1970s;they again turn to increasing in the 1980s and persist into 1990s.     

Inversion of focal mechanism and events identification using an improved relative amplitude method

The relative amplitude method(RAM) is more suitable for source inversion of low magnitude earthquakes because it avoids the modeling of short-period waveforms.We introduced an improved relative amplitude method(IRAM) which is more robust in practical cases.The IRAM uses a certain function to quantify the fitness between the observed and the predicted relative amplitudes among direct P wave,surface reflected pP and sP waves for a given focal mechanism.Using the IRAM,we got the fault-plane solutions of two ea...     

用远震接收函数反演福建地区宽频带台站下方莫霍界面深度

收集福建省“九五”数字地震遥测台网中8个宽频带台站的远震波形资料,应用接收函数的研究方法计算各个台站下方的接收函数。采用非线性的反演方法获得这些台站下方的S波速度结构．确定这些台站下方莫霍界面深度的分布情况。分析得到的反演结果,福建地区莫霍面的起伏不大．平均的地壳厚度约为32km。在0～2km之间均存在一层低速层,这与地表覆盖着一层松散的沉积层是相对应的。内陆地区台站附近莫霍界面深度较沿海地区略高,沿海台站的莫霍界面深度北部略高于南部。     

福建近岸海域滨海断裂的应力分析

福建东南沿海地区曾发生多次强震。本文利用该区1604～1989年的47次地震的震源机制资料,采用力轴张量计算法推算了该区应力主轴方向,结果与其他文献给出的主压应力方向相符,即北西西-南东东向。在此基础上,得到最大剪切应力平面的走向和倾角。讨论了最大剪切应力平面与福建沿海近岸海域中存在的滨海断裂（牛山岛-兄弟屿断裂）的位置关系。从应力分析的角度初步探讨了滨海断裂带上地震活动由北向南增强的原因。     

汶川地震序列早期特征及成因探讨

地震序列的特征和震型判定工作有助于抗震救灾工作的开展,对其发生成因的研究是解决地震预报难题必须面对的科学问题。汶川8．0级地震序列的初步研究表明：①余震沿龙门山断裂带分布于宽100km,长约330km的带状区域内,并侧向于主震震中的北侧;②序列发展初期有2个快速衰减过程;③序列类型为主震一余震型,最大强余震6．4级;④序列的空间演化过程,强余震震源机制结果和地震精确定位结果分析表明,序列具有分段特征;⑤8．0级地震的发震构造是龙门山断裂带,发震构造在剖面上呈现出“犁形”或“铲形”。地球物理勘探和壳、幔结构反演结果表明,自青藏高原穿越龙门山到四川盆地存在地幔阶梯,上地幔阶梯的阻挡作用使得物质东移速率减慢,并蕴积了汶川8．0级地震所需能量。地震的产生正是东西向应力平衡被打破的结果,余震沿龙门山断裂的分布是高原地壳在印度板块的推挤作用下向北北东方向的运动得以继续的表现。整个龙门山断裂带都参与了活动,龙门山断裂带北端作为断裂带的止裂端与南段同期活动。